Stakeholders Analysis Essay Example for Free

Stakeholders Analysis Essay A Stakeholder is someone who has any interest in the business any one who is affected by the business. Some examples are: customers, suppliers, employees, local community, and local sports clubs. The stakeholders will vary depending on what the business is and who it affects. Stakeholders in Falconi brothers include Competitors Other businesses USDAW-Trade unions Government Shareholders / Owners Bank Customers Suppliers Local community Employees Garage Trade Unions- have an interest from Falconi Brothers business. They represent people who work for Falconi Brothers, they improve peoples pay and condition of employment. Competition is a rival in business, two or more business are trying to sell to the same customers. An example of competitors is Tesco and Asda because both sell food in supermarket and both want people to buy from them. Local competition are GB Liners Ltd Leeds LS13 4UN, Fast Move LS9 8 PD. Is a rival in business. Competitors are affected by the Falconis brothers business if Falconis brothers business going very well competitors is affected because they loose the customers. When they lose the customers they loose the money. Others businesses- for example Empire Direct on Roundhay Road the are have interest because Falconi’s business help them with delivery heavy, electrical items. Usdaw unions of shops and allied workers. Employees at Falconi Brother might be in a trade unions, this means the trade unions has an interest in the business. Trade unions organisations that represent people at work. The protect and improve people pay and conditions of employment. They also campaign for lows and policies which will benefit working people. Government- Has an interest from Falconi brothers business because they pay company tax to the government (and road tax far car, business rates for office etc) Shareholders owners -They are depending on the business because they earning money from the Falconi brother. Partners of the business have invested money and wont a business to be successful the business have run efficiently and the managers will be committed to increasing revenues or controlling the cost of business. Bank- Is interested in the success of Falconis Brothers business because they pay money to the bank and bank get interest when the business takes out a loan. If the business is successful, more money will come into the bank. Customer- benefit when Falconi’s business is successful they will get quality and good services from them. Customers will expect products and services to be safe and reliable. Local Community-If Falconis business is successful they can get good service as customers and they can get jobs as employee, Sometimes the impact is positive for falconi brother business may be one of the few secure of employment in an area of high unemployment and they can get a job. Employees- Can get more opportunity for getting job with them. They also get wages, The employees are very important group who have an interest in falconi brothers business. They will rely upon the falconi brother business to provide them with a regular wage or salary. They hope for job security and safe working conditions and perhaps training. Garage-Take benefit from them because if Falconi have a good business they will buy more cars and the garage will service Falconi’s cars Suppliers- Is firms that supply that falconi brother business with raw materials components packaging or services will expect to be paid promptly. They maybe also rely upon regular orders to ensure the success of their own business. Creditors- creditor is a person like falconi brothers owed money, the money for the vans or to business grown well. For example, a bank or a company that gives out mortgage to falconi brother is a creditor. In this case, the creditor is loaning money in exchange for collecting interest payments on the principal. An investor that holds a bond is also considered a creditor. Society- is a group of humans from a semi-closed system, in which most interactions are with other people belonging to the group. A society is a network of relationship between people. A society ia an interdependent community. Stakeholders can be divided into internal stakeholders and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are those individuals or groups within the organisation. A shareholder is someone who holds shares in the company. So the shareholder is an investor. European governments and companies are now using the term stakeholder to mean anyone at all who is affected by what a company does or in some way sticks his nose into the companys affairs. From what Im seeing nowadays, this means not only investors, but also workers, government bureaucrats, people who live in the same city as a corporate facility, angry groups of activists, people who care about something tangentially related to the company. In other words, the way they use the word, a stakeholder is pretty much anyone who says hes a stakeholder. Person group or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organizations actions, objectives and policies. Key stakeholders in a business organization include creditors, customers, directors, employees, government, owners, suppliers, unions and the community from which the business draws its resources. Although stake-holders are usually self-legitimizing all stakeholders are not equal and different stakeholders are entitled to different considerations. For example a firm’s customer is entitled to fair trading practices but they are not entitled to the same consideration as the firm’s employees. image00.png Conflicts Between Stakeholders Having identified the main responsibilities the business has to each stakeholder, see if you can work out where conflicts might arise. These conflicts will arise when the interests of one stakeholder group are opposite to that of another stakeholder group. For example Employers seeking higher wages might conflict with the desire by management to cut costs to boost profit and thus satisfy their own ambitions and meet the needs of the shareholders.

Mobile Computing with WirelessLAN and its Modes

Mobile Computing with WirelessLAN and its Modes Mobile computing with WirelessLAN And its modes Ad hoc network with challenges Pallavi D. Dudhe, Prof. P. L. Ramteke Abstract In this paper, we summarized Mobile computing with WirelessLAN and its modes Ad hoc network and infrastructure. We define the operational model of our mobile computing environment, where we plan to demonstrate our proposed solutions. Mobile cloud computing is the combination of both cloud computing and mobile networks to bring benefits for mobile users, network operators, as well as cloud computing providers. In the present mobile communication environment, lot of research is going on, to improve the performance of issues like handoffs, routing etc. Security is another key issue that needs to be considered, when the setup of communication channel is to be set. Wireless local area network (WLAN) security are inherently weak and do not provide adequate security. Newer, more robust, wireless security technologies are being developed but have not had widespread acceptance within corporate information infrastructures. An ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes equipped wi th wireless communication adapters; these nodes dynamically form a temporary network without the need of any existing network infrastructure. Earlier studies on ad hoc networks aimed to propose solutions to some fundamental problems, such as routing, coping with the new challenges caused by networks and nodes features without taking the security issues into account. Keywords – Mobile computing, mobile computing security, mobile agent’s security, mobile ad hoc networks, wireless networks. I. INTRODUCTION Mobile computing requires wireless network to support outdoor mobility and handoff from one network to the next at a pedestrian or vehicular speed. Traveler in car using laptop connected with a GSM phone engaged in mobile computing. One of the more exciting information technologies to come about in the last several years was wireless computing. Computer users have to be tied to massive desktop computers to accomplish their daily tasks. Ubiquitous computing or pervasive computing refers to access to computer network at any location by any person all the time. With the rapid growth in the wireless mobile communication technology, small devices like PDAs, laptops are able to communicate with the fixed wired network. Because of its flexibility and provision of providing ubiquitous infrastructure, there is need to provide security at any level. As wireless communication takes place mainly through the radio signals rather than wires, it is easier to intercept or eavesdrop on the communicat ion channels. Therefore, it is important to provide security from all these threats. There are different kinds of issues within security like confidentiality, integrity, availability, legitimacy, and accountability that needs to be individually taken care off. Mobile Cloud Computing at its simplest refers to an infrastructure where both the data storage and the data processing happen outside of the mobile device. Mobile cloud applications move the computing power and data storage away from mobile phones and into the cloud, bringing applications and mobile computing to not just Smartphone users but a much broader range of mobile subscribers. Nowadays, microprocessors and wireless adapters are embedded in many devices, as cell-phones, PDAs, Laptops, digital sensors, and GPS receivers. These well-equipped devices allow the creation of wireless mobile networks, which make the vision of nomadic computing with its ubiquitous access more and more attractive. II. VARIOUS FORMS OF COMPUTING Mobile, ubiquitous, nomadic, untethered, pervasive and anytime, anywhere, any person computing  are used by researchers to refer to computing that uses small portable devices and wireless communication network. Nomadic computing refers to limited migration. Migration is within a building at a pedestrian speed. In the same vein, users carrying laptop with DIAL-UP modems are engaged in nomadic computing. Ubiquitous computing or pervasive computing refers to access to computer network all the time at any location by any person.Ubiquitous computing can not be realized unless mobile computing matures. Figure 1. Relationship between computing One of the more exciting information technologies to come about in the last several years was wireless computing. WirelessLANs operate in one of two modes, ad-hoc or infrastructure. Ad-hoc defines a method of wireless computer peers to exchange data without a predefined network infrastructure and has not met with great success. The infrastructure mode of operation is predominantly used for construction of wireless networks and requires two components; wireless access point(s) connected to a traditional wired network and wireless network interface card(s) installed into the computing devices. III. GENERAL ARCHITECTURE OF WIRELESS NETWORKS Wireless LAN is a traditional LAN architecture extended with a wireless interface to service small low-powered portable terminals capable of wireless access. The wireless LAN is further connected to a more extensive fixed network such as LAN or WAN. Wireless LANs have limited range and are designed to be used only in local environments. There are two types of wireless LAN architectures: ad-hoc networks and infrastructure networks. The Wide-Area Wireless Networks are special mobile radio networks that provide wide coverage for low bandwidth data services. In paging networks the service is usually receive-only and has very low bandwidth. The initial applications for satellite systems are voice and paging. Additional services planned include messaging and fax transmission. Wireless networks communicate by modulating radio waves or pulsing infrared light. Wireless communication is linked to the wired network infrastructure by stationary transceivers. The area covered by an individual transceivers signal is known as a cell. Cell sizes vary widely: Figure 2. Architecture of wireless networks A. Operational problems associated with wireless network Disconnection:-Wireless communications suffer from frequent disconnections due to a higher degree of noise and interference as well as the process of inter-cell hand-offs. Disconnections can be hidden by asynchronous operation. Heterogeneous network:-To achieve wireless communication a mobile host must get connected to different and heterogeneous networks. The general problem of heterogeneity can be addressed by exploiting emerging distributed systems. Bandwidth and Interface Variability:-Bandwidth can shift one to four orders of magnitude, depending on whether the system is plugged in or using wireless access or switching interfaces, e.g. from infrared to radio when the user moves from indoors to outdoors. Mobile applications have to adapt their behaviour properly. Security Risks:- Precisely because connection to a wireless link is so easy, the security of wireless communication can be compromised much more easily than that of wired communication. B. Challenges regarding wireless network Main cause of loss of packets in wired network is congestion because error rates are very low. In wireless network, congestion still remains a problem, but this situation is somewhat reversed. Wired and wireless network require different techniques to achieve reliability and flow control. TCP works is unsuitable for wireless network as it interprets errors as packet loss. ITCP (split/indirect TCP) splits TCP into two parts , One between sender and local MSS of the recipient. The other between local MSS and recipient. If MH switches cell during life time of a ITCP Connection center point of connection moves to new MSS. sender remains completely unaware about it. IV. AD HOC NETWORK An ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes equipped with wireless communication adapters, these nodes dynamically form a temporary network without the need of any existing network infrastructure. A mobile ad hoc network, or MANET, is a temporary infrastructure less network, formed by a set of mobile hosts that dynamically establish their own network, without relying on any central administration. Mobile hosts used in MANET have to ensure the roles that were ensured by the powerful fixed infrastructure in traditional networks. This is a challenging task, since these devices have limited resources such as CPU, storage, energy, etc.Moreover, the networks environment has some features that add extra complications, such as the frequent topology changes caused by nodes mobility, and the unreliability and the bandwidth limitation of wireless channels. A. Security requirements of ad hoc network The security services of ad hoc networks are not different than those of other types of network communication. The goal is to protect the information and the resources from attacks and misbehavior. In working with network security, there are many requirements that an effective security must ensure: Availability: ensures that the desired network services are available whenever they are expected, inspite of attacks. Systems that ensure availability seek to combat denial of service and energy starvation  attacks that we will present later. Authenticity: ensures communication from one node to another is genuine. It ensures that a malicious node cannot masquerade as a trusted network node. Data confidentiality: is a core security primitive for ad hoc networks, It ensures that a given message cannot be understood by anyone else than its (their) desired recipient(s). Data confidentiality  is typically enabled by applying cryptography Integrity: denotes the authenticity of data sent from one node to another. That is, it ensures that a message sent from node A to node B was not modified by a malicious node, C, during transmission. Non-repudiation ensures that the origin of the message is legitimate. i.e. when one node receives a false message from another, nonrepudiation allows the former to accuse the later of sending the false  message and enables all other nodes to know about it. Digital signature may be used to ensure  nonrepudiation B. Challenges regarding Ad hoc network Ad hoc network routing is the ultimate challenge. Ad hoc networks arise in rapid deployment scenarios: Emergency disaster management. Military operation in remote sites. Business meeting venues without infrastructure support. Many routing algorithms are designed: AODV, DSR, DSDV, TORA, FSR, LAR, ABR, etc.There are interesting application of conventional graph theoretic problems in ad hoc network routing. V. CHALLENGES REGARDING MOBILE COMPUTING Mobile computing affects entire spectrum of issues in computing. First of all it is distributed and mobile computing. Distributed computing as we know works on static wired network. Node may initiate computation somewhere and migrate to another place. So two major problem that arise due to mobility are Searching for current location of a mobile node and to impose a communication structure among nodes. Physical location of mobile is not the network address, so how do we route the message to a mobile host. This question is being addressed by two different communities: Internet community and cellular community . Work of Internet community involves Mobile IP which work as assumes connection-less, packet switching scenario. Cellular communitys effort based on location management of cellular phone users. It deals with connection oriented communication, since it is motivated by issues in call-setup in telephony. Main problem in mobility management is to find an appropriate trade-off between searching and informing. Searching is performed when address of the message recipient is not known or at least not known precisely. Informing is a responsibility of the mobile unit when it migrates. Extreme situations can be Mobile unit never informs works for units receiving few messages and for units which dont move during receiving. Always informs works well for units receiving messages frequently. VI. CONCLUSION In this paper we have studied the different challenges regarding wirelessLAN, its modes Ad hoc network and infrastructure as well as requirement regarding security. As with every Information technology project, security must be a primary consideration. For security to effective, it must be deployed proportional to risk. WLANs present a security risk to organizations but providing security for WLANs is not an insurmountable challenge. There are security solutions available for WLANs to mitigate those most conceivable risks we think securing ad hoc networks is a great challenge that includes many opened problems of research, and receives more and more attention among ad hoc networks community. REFERENCES [1] Abolfazli, Saeid; Sanaei, Zohreh; Ahmed, Ejaz; Gani, Abdullah; Buyya, Rajkumar (1 July 2013). Cloud-Based  Augmentation for Mobile Devices: Motivation, Taxonomies, and Open Challenges.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials 99 (pp): [2] R.K.Ghosh ,CSE100, April 2005. [3] Arbaugh, W. A., Shankar, N., Wan, J. Y. (2001). Your 802.11 Wireless Network has No Clothes. Unpublished manuscript, University of Maryland at College Park. Retrieved October 21, 2004, from http://www.cs.umd.edu/~waa/wireless.pdf [4] William Stallings. Cryptography and Network Security principles and practices. Pearson Education  Inc, third edition edition, 2003. [5] Frank Stajano and Ross Anderson. The resurrecting duckling: Security issues for ad-hoc wireless  networks. In 7th International Security Protocols Workshop, Cambridge, UK, April 1999. [6] Duchamp, D. (1992) Issues in Wireless Mobile Computing. Proceedings Third Workshop on Workstation Operating Systems, April 1992, 2-10. [7] Sumi Helal,Ph.D Associate professor, computer information science Engineering Department , University of Florida, Gainesville.FL32611,[emailprotected]. [8] Berghel, H. (2004). Wireless Infidelity I: War Driving.Communications of the ACM, 47(9), 21-28. [9] Forman, G.H. and Zahorian, J. (1994) The Challenges of Mobile Computing. IEEE Computer, April 1994, 38- 47. [10] Charles.E. Perkins and Elizabeth.M. Royer. Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) algorithm.  In the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA99), pages 90-100, 1999.

The Physics of a Parachute

The Physics of a Parachute The parachute is an effective tool for enhanced safety, although it is widely utilized by adrenaline seekers for enjoyment. Gravity is perhaps the most crucial force acting upon the parachute, because without which a parachute would not be needed. Gravity is applied to a mass indiscriminate of its size or shape. is the speed at which a mass will accelerate due to gravity through the air, with no opposing forces acting upon it. Air Resistance is the whole reason why a parachute works. The air is undisturbed until a mass passes through it, when that mass passes through air it is effectively the same as air flowing past a mass. When air cannot travel smoothly past a body it is called drag, when drag is applied to a mass, it slows the object and or the flow of air. When a parachute is opened, air is trapped under the fabric and is forced in a swirl in uneven patterns, when air swirls it increases drag and decreases the speed of a body. When air swirls it also reduces its efficiency, a parachute when passing through the air compromises this and depending on how large the physical size of the parachute it will slow the acceleration of the mass considerably. According to Dictionary.com, terminal velocity is the constant speed that a freely falling object eventually reaches when the resistance of the medium through which it is falling prevents further acceleration.This means that the terminal velocity of a falling mass occurs in free fall when a zero acceleration is felt, this meant that the mass doesnt accelerate anymore because the forces, air resistance and gravity, air resistance will eventually balance the masses weight and therefore will fall at a constant rate, this is terminal velocity. More simply put, terminal velocity is the fastest velocity that an object will fall due to gravity. The equation for terminal velocity is: The physical properties of wind resistance are obvious. When the parachute is opened, the drag is significantly increased, this is due to the massively increased area that: As the size of the canopy increases, the time taken for the parachute to reach the ground will proportionally increase.   Ã‚   As the mass of the object increases or decreases, the time taken for the parachute to reach the ground will increase or decrease consecutively. If the length of the suspension lines is increased, the time taken for the parachute to reach the ground will increase to a curtain point, then level out. Variables Changes made Time (seconds) Average (seconds) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Weight 0.01kg 1.3 1.8 1.6 1.2 1.475 0.02kg 1.9 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.250 0.03kg 2.2 2.9 2.5 3.0 2.650 Radius of parachute 0.05m 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.375 0.10m 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.675 0.15m 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.600 0.20m 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.6 1.900 Firstly, a parachute was created using light cloth and string. The diagram below is a representation of the design created. Next, the appropriate mass was attached to the parachute via the suspension lines. The person was positioned on the second floor. The height of the drop was then measured, the preliminary test data was collected. The following results were obtained through experimentation: Variable Changes made Time (seconds) Average (seconds) Weight (Kilograms) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 0.005 2.03 2.25 2.22 2.34 2.21 0.01 1.96 1.98 1.88 2.04 1.97 0.01 2.07 1.85 1.83 1.75 1.88 0.02 1.32 2.04 1.41 1.53 1.58 0.025 1.42 1.50 1.47 1.46 1.46 0.03 1.56 1.25 1.03 1.41 1.31 Radius of Parachute (Metres) 0.05 2.36 2.37 2.40 2.33 2.37 0.07 2.45 2.42 2.48 2.50 2.46 0.09 2.54 2.56 2.52 2.58 2.55 0.11 2.64 2.69 2.71 2.68 2.68 0.13 2.72 2.83 2.80 2.75 2.78 Length of suspension lines (Metres) 0.05 2.20 2.52 2.58 2.62 2.48 0.07 2.25 2.25 2.24 2.16 2.23 0.09 2.48 2.45 2.10 2.28 2.32 0.10 2.35 2.27 2.45 2.52 2.40 0.12 2.56 2.31 2.23 2.34 3.36 The data was collected and has been analyzed. Patterns have been produced through the previous results. The results have shown that the mass of the object affects the speed at which the parachute falls. As the mass increases, the time shortens proportionally, this demonstrates that the relationship that occurs. The inability to access precise measuring equipment affected the results, as a consequence the results are inconsistent, although the majority of the results were close to the expected time. The As with all results, some of the above results were inconsistent. The results were as expected for the mass and the mass and the radius, the length of the suspension lines however was in consistent with the hypothesis. As the experiment progressed, it became clearer that they were References Basic Assumptions of Modern Physics Not Falsifiable. (2012, 7 13/10/2016). Retrieved from The world as computation: https://claesjohnsonmathscience.wordpress.com/2012/07/02/is-modern-physics-falsifiable/ Bourne, M. (2016, 2 29/10/2016). Differentiation (Finding Derivatives). Retrieved from Interactive Mathematics: http://www.intmath.com/differentiation/differentiation-intro.php Christian, D., Crossley, W. (1987). Essential Physics (Book one). Sydney: Sapphire Books. Davies, P., Harding, J. (Physics around you). 1991. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. Dictionary.com. (2017). Terminal velocity. Retrieved from Dictionary.com: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/terminal-velocity Duncan, T. (2008). Physics (Fourth Edition). London: Hodder Education. Gaze, T., Lindsay, I., Maddern, D., Stelzer, T. (2006). Physics a Contextual Approach. Port Melbourne. Hall, N. (2015, 5 11/20/2016). conversion of momentum. Retrieved from NASA: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/conmo.html How does placing objects in liquids affect the mass? (2012). Retrieved from Newtonian Mechanics: http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/19696/how-does-placing-objects-in-liquids-affect-the-mass Hyper Physics. (2000, 8 21/10/2016). The laws of Newton. Retrieved from Hyper physics: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/newt.html Maccaster, R. (1993). Physics. London: Stanley Thornes. Richcard, W. G. (2001). New Century Physics. Melbourne : Oxford. Skwirk online education. (2013). Law of Conservation of Energy. Retrieved from Skwirk online education: http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-4_u-308_t-756_c-2845/law-of-conservation-of-energy/nsw/law-of-conservation-of-energy/force-and-motion/energy Teichroew, D. (1954, june 30). Statistical Analysis of Experimental Parachute Test Data. Retrieved from National Bureau of Standards : http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/RPT/nbsreport3493.pdf The Physics Classroom. (2016). Distance and Displacement. Retrieved from The Physics Classroom: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-1/Distance-and-Displacement Workshop Tutorials for Physics. (n.d.). Mechanics activities. Retrieved from Workshop Tutorials for Physics: http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/super/physics_tut/volume3/mechact.pdf expected for the mass and the mass and the radius, the length of the suspension lines however was in consistent with the hypothesis. As the experiment progressed, it became clearer that the

Illegalization of Flag Burning Violates the First Constitutional Amendment :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Illegalization of Flag Burning Violates the First Constitutional Amendment When making flag burning illegal you have to wonder what our lawmakers were thinking. It was clearly not about the First Amendment in which American’s right to free speech is protected. Desecrating a flag is guaranteed in our Bill of Rights, however unpatriotic that may be. It is impossible to draw the line of where desecration begins. What about those that let our sacred symbol touch the ground, a clear violation of respect, do we punish them too? This proposed law is un-American and will only lead to furious citizens exercising their born rights. In 2000, a flag protection amendment was proposed, the statue contained harsh penalties, with fines up to 250, 000 dollars and two years jail time requested. Amendment â€Å"remove freedom† was defeated in the senate by a 36 to 64 vote, 64 people were looking out for our freedom. Laws like this would allow Congress to engage in â€Å"thought control†. Allowing a flag burning amendment to pass is letting Congress determine what is acceptable considering free speech. Surely this law will provoke more than it will help. It is believed, on average, that seven flags are burned a year, and in fact Professor Robert Justin Goldtein documented that only 45 flags were burned in the past 200 years. Seven will multiply if Americans think their rights are being curtailed. During Prohibition, a time when alcohol consumption was outlawed, nearly 30, 000 illegal and secret saloons were started in New York City. This shows that when rights are taken away Americans won’t stop, flag burning won’t cease either with an amendment. Boy Scouts burn flags when retiring them. How can a flag burning law determine just were to draw the desecration line? The amendment would have to detailed guidelines that punished only the protesters. Burning a flag would only become a crime when the thoughts attached to the act are offensive: or forefathers believed free speech to be one of our most necessary rights.

What are Anabolic Steroids? :: essays research papers

What are Anabolic Steroids? Anabolic steroids - or more precisely, anabolic/androgenic steroids - belong to a group known as ergogenic, or so-called "performance-enhancing," drugs. They are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, a natural male hormone. "Anabolic" means growing or building. "Androgenic" means "masculinizing or generating male sexual characteristics. Most healthy males produce between 2 and 10 milligrams of testosterone a day. http://www2.msstate.edu/~jnd2/index.html Reasons for Steroid Use The most common reasons people use anabolic steroids are to: increase muscle mass increase strength train harder reduce the recovery time needed after training Some people believe the benefit from taking steroids is physiological, they make people feel that they are stronger or faster. Others believe that they make people feel that they are more aggressive and so they are able to train harder. Steroid Usage Among Teenagers Steroid usage has often been stereotyped to football players, weightlifters and bodybuilders. New research suggests that this is far from true. Instead, most heavy steroid users are middle class white males, 35% of which do not intend on participating in sporting events. 26% of high school age steroid users cited personal appearance as their primary motive for using the drug. These new trends in steroid use have been attributed to the "new male image" that is being splashed throughout advertisements and magazines. Teenage males develop a desire for the lean, mean and muscular look exemplified by Calvin Klien models and others. The quickest way to success is through anabolic steroids. Many of these teenagers will risk possibility of the side effects associated with steroid usage in exchange for respect. Despite massive weight and muscle gains, many steroid users are never quite happy with their physique. This condition is being labeled as "reverse anorexia" by psychologists and doctors. "I have seen a kid gain 100 pounds in 14 months and still not be satisfied," reports Neil Carolan of BryLin Hospital in Buffalo. Carolan has counseled over 200 teenage steroid users. Arnold Schwarzenegger, once a steroid user himself, addresses the issue of teenage steroid use. "Teenagers should never take anabolic steroids in an attempt to build up the size and strength of their muscle structure. During the teenage years, young males are already in their most anabolic state, with testosterone flooding the system. Adding synthetic anabolic at this point is totally unnecessary." history Greek Olympians used strychnine and hallucinogenic mushrooms to "psyche up" for an event. In 1886 a French cyclist was the first athlete to die from using a performance enhance, called speedballs, a mixture of cocaine and heroin. In the 1920's, physicians inserted slices of monkey testicles into male athletes to help

Media influence on homosexuals

Those who are interested in how media has influenced the LGBT community. Essay Question: How has the media influenced the LGBT community and society's view on the LGBT community? Thesis: One main contributing factor that has impacted our societys view on gay marriage is how they have been portrayed on the screen, by celebrities and in the media. Rationale: My original paper was supposed to be about weddings and social media but I found that to be too broad and extremely difficult to research.After a couple days of thinking I decided to narrow that topic even more. I decided on how the media has effected society's opinion on homosexuality because I thought it was interesting to see how much the mass media can affect our views on something so controversial. Strengths and Problems: Argument: Some may argue that the media's influence is not a good thing because a lot of people are still against homosexuals but I believe it is something that we cannot avoid. My argument is stronger in thi s final draft, but may still be confusing.Evidence: I spent a lot of time trying to research this topic because this is something IVe never thought about before this paper so it is very unfamiliar to me. Once I started researching though it was apparent how much TV has influenced me and my views on homosexuality, which can be seen in my introductory paragraph. I was so surprised to find out about the term, contact hypothesis. Before this paper, I knew the definition but wasn't sure if there was a term for it. Organizational: I definitely tried to make this paper flow more smoothly. Writing the transition were a little difficult though.I still feel like my conclusion is very weak, I struggled for a long time but could not come up with something that would wrap up the essay better. Style: I'm ot sure what to describe my style as. I Just hope the readers will be able to relate. Revisions and Discoveries: I added more about Ellen DeGeneres, and I also added a paragraph about the film, V alentine's Day. I took out the paragraph about adopting children because I realized that there wasn't much correlation with what the media has done. Questions: Am I using the terms of gays, lesbians, homosexuals and LGBT correctly?Which evidence stood out the most? Yvonne English MiddelJans Media and Homosexuality Autumn 2013 What do we typical think of when we hear the word gay or lesbian? Is it a flamboyant male or a tomboy female? Many years ago this may have been the case and to some it still may be. But when I hear the word gay or lesbian I automatically think about my favorite show, Greys Anatomy and the lesbian couple who are attractive and nothing like tomboys. Homosexuality is one of the most controversial topics in our society but in the past t years our opinions and dispositions nave change d.One main contributing factor that has impacted our society's view on gay marriage is how they have been portrayed on the screen, by celebrities and in the media. On January 1 lth, 97 3 PBS released its first broadcast of, An American Family. The show was a twelve hour documentary series that followed the Loud family of Santa Barbra, California. An American family spanned out into a twelve week show following Bill and Pat Loud and their five children, Lance, Kevin, Grant, Delilah and Michele. This documentary challenged the traditional views of an American middle class family.Unlike shows such as, The Brady Bunch and Leave it to Beaver, which depicted a happy and perfect family, The American Family showed a family going through a divorce and their oldest on, Lance's decision to tell his parents about his homosexuality (An American Family). Lance is widely believed to be the first gay person in American reality television and because of this it has made him a well-known, â€Å"gay icon† to the LGBT community. Lance went on to be a part of a popular band, â€Å"The Mumps† and died at the age of 50 in 2001 due to Hepatitis C and HIV.Lance was an inspir ation and paved the way for homosexuals in the media. Since Lance Longs premier on television many popular shows and movies have aired that have a lead or supporting actor/ actress that is a homosexual or portrays a homosexual. Most of these portrayals have had a positive influence on the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community. As more LGBT celebrities came out about their sexual orientation the more acceptable it became for LGBT characters to appear on television. This is a great example of the Contact Hypothesis and the Parasocial Contact Hypothesis.The Contact Hypothesis can be accredited to Gordon W. Allport and states that â€Å"under appropriate conditions, interpersonal contact is one of the most effective ways to reduce prejudice between majority and minority group members. The Parasocial Contact Hypothesis is similar but focuses on one sided relationships. For example, how an individual may know about a celebrity through mass medias but that celebrity does not know about the individual (Schiappa) In 2008 it was briefly legal for homosexuals to become married.Ellen DeGeneres and her partner of then four years, Portia de Rossi took this window of opportunity to become married. DeGeneres lied about her sexual orientation for many years. She made her television debut on The Tonight Show in 1986 and that same year the AIDS epidemic was at its high so a ot of homosexuals were not ready to reveal their sexual orientation due to the fear of being Judged or out casted by society. Ten years later Ellen DeGeneres had the opportunity to have her own show, Ellen. Yet she still decided to keep her orientation a secret.In 1997 during the fourth season of her show, DeGeneres decided to come out about her sexual orientation in a sitcom where she is in the waiting room of an airport trying to tell a woman that she is attracted to her, instead she announces it to the whole audience by accidentally leaning over a microphone Ellen DeGeneres is undoubtedl y a charming person. DeGeneres has won 49 out of 51 award nominations and won the hearts of many Americans. Just some of the great roles she has been a part of include hosting the Emmy Awards, Judging season nine of American Idol and using her popularity to bring awareness to many humanitarian efforts.DeGeneres has supported over 35 different charities including Susan G. Komen for the Cure and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (Neary). Ellen DeGeneres is another perfect example ot the Parasocial Contact Hypothesis. We know everything about ner because of the media, and by seeing her positive influence on the world we have an nclination to like her. In 2008 the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) did a survey of more than 2,000 U. S. adults 18 and older and found that two out of ten changed their views of homosexuals to a more positive view point in the past five years.Thirty four percent said their views were influenced by seeing a gay or lesbian character on tel evision and twenty nine percent said it was by a gay or lesbian character on film (Watercutter). It's amazing how societys view of homosexuals can be changed from a negative to a positive understanding by the power of mass medias. Before the LGBT community was represented on television or films, society did not have an accurately representation of what gays and lesbians were like.Probably thinking that being a homosexual is unnatural and even a mental illness! Some people may still believe that but since being exposed to LGBT characters from shows like Friends (Carol and Susan), Greys Anatomy (Calliope and Arizona) and Will & Grace it has enabled society to be more welcoming or sympathetic towards the LGBT community and resulting in LGBT individuals feeling less like an outcast. The media has also helped promote the realization that omosexuality is very much a part of todays culture in the United States.One of the longest running television shows with gay characters is Will & Grace. Over the eight year span on this television show (1998-2006) Will & Grace has earned sixteen Emmy Awards and eight-three nominations with an average of 17. 3 million viewers a week at its peak in 2001. Will & Grace is a show that positively portrays two gay men with completely different personalities. Will Truman is a gay attorney whose orientation is not necessarily made clear at first to a viewer but his co-star Jack McFarland fits the tereotypical homosexual male.Jack is â€Å"flamboyantly gay, continually unemployed and a self-described actor/dancer/choreographer. † (Schiappa). By showing two different personalities of gay men it can help us better understand that yes, there are homosexual men that are flamboyant but a homosexual man can also take form in a charming and handsome man such as Will Truman. Another idea that was promoted or bought up in Will & Grace is when Will married his long time on-again off-again love affair, Vince and then two of them went on to raise a son together.This brings up he idea of same-sex marriage and how two homosexuals can raise a child together which many people still think is not appropriate but Will & Grace have brought attention to issues like these that the LGBT community have to face daily. Although there aren't as many films that help bring awareness to the LGBT community there are usually small supporting actors that will portray a homosexual. One movie that comes to mind is, Valentine's Day. Valentine's Day follows intertwining couples and single people in Los Angeles and what they expect on this day of love. There is Holden Wilson who is portrayed by Bradly Cooper.Wilson is on the plane chatting up a character played by Julia Roberts. They start to talk about their lives and how Wilson is recently single. Up until the end of the movie not much is told about Wilson's personal life. Then there is Sean Jackson, played by Eric Dane who is a top NFL player who is contemplating retiring from his career. During a press conference Jackson says that typically someone retires because they want to spend more time with their families but Jackson has not been able to do that because he is gay and nas nad to hide his sexual orientation tor the sake ot his career.The reporters are confused on whether or not Jackson will continue to play. He makes it clear that he is going to continue playing in the NLF but he did not want his goals of having a family postponed due to his previous fear of coming out. One of the ending scenes is Wilson surprising Jackson at his home. Throughout the entire movie I had no idea that either characters were homosexuals. Jackson and Wilson are both very handsome and their characters in the movies showed no signs of the stereotypical gay man. This shows that anyone can be gay and that the â€Å"stereotypical† homosexual individual is a tereotype that is slowly dying.By making the characters Wilson and Jackson relatable it helps us as a society have a more accurate r epresentation that anyone around us can be a homosexual and not Just the old stereotype of flamboyant men and tomboy females. The LGBT community has come a long way since the 1970's and they are still fighting for equal rights. Because of the portrayals of gays and lesbians in the media and also the uprising of homosexual celebrities it has helped our society become more open minded and welcoming of the LGBT community when ompared to the mindset of the society fifty years ago.Without the media's influence, where would society be in regards to how much more open minded the world has become of homosexuals? Thanks to the media, it is almost like an approval for individuals that it really is okay to a homosexual and that there is no need to be ashamed. Because if so many people love Ellen, who seems like a normal individual other than the fact that she is a lesbian then there is no need to Judge others on their sexual orientation.

Social Life of Small Urban Space

It has been approved that people like to get involved in social life. They are interested of being a part of the universal. The study of Whyte agrees with that. Observing what other people are doing is a valuable tool used by the majority of people to understand the behavior of others. Public plaza is a good example to practice that so when isolating people and not allowing them to observe, the public place will not have any meaning. Forcing people to sit in certain way without any connection with other activity is boring so people try to avoid it (Almansoour). The direct area in front of a building should always communicate with the buildings form, entryways and design style. A building that lacks communication with the street level will be perceived of as cold and uninviting (Perry). The study of deferent plazas in New Yurok city by Whyte shows that people tend to sit whenever there is a place to sit. If a plaza is close to the street or in front of public place such as the library it becomes more occupied then others. The study indicates that observation is an important key when design a plaza(Almansoour). The amount of sitting area as well as width of sitting area should be adjusted based on context that urban part is in (Hirose). Also, it has become necessary to characterize open spaces in areas that have more density. As long as the open space is planned in the right place within its area it can provide such a positive effect to those people who use them (Alotaibi). Variety of factors would effects whole operation of designing sitting area such as occupants’ moral, culture, life style, physical size, and combination of above. Urban spaces are mixed areas of characteristic yet they have some distinguished characteristics from other spaces, therefore I agree with flexible zoning ordinances on designing sitting area in urban park (Hirose). Regulation is uncomfortable, but it may provide a more uniform approach to design. Why shouldn’t every building have plentiful and inviting exterior sitting spaces? But what would that regulation look like. The author’s data seems a bit confused. Analyzing light, square area, and open spaces did not seem to direct any relative findings. Even their data on amount of seating did not perform as the authors would have us believe. Plazas with large amount of seating were still often underused (Perry). Finally, the difference between good plaza design and poor plaza design is a combination of personal experience and trial and error. A designer may have good intentions, but if everything is to not look the same a designer has to be given the opportunity to experiment (Perry).