A Change in Sexual Morality Essay

The development of sexual ethic in contemporary American society has changed a lot from times such as the 1900’s. Whether it has to do with religion or simply by choice, nowadays there’s not enough self-respect to go around. American life is no longer based around morals or standards. There is more premarital sex and affairs outside marriages. Sexuality on the whole has become more open and introduced to girls and boys at a much younger age resulting in conflicting issues. Back in the day you’d only be intimate with your spouse. Now there is more premarital sex and sex outside marriage. Even religious people don’t bother thinking of premarital sex as sinning because it is so oftenly commited. Saving sex for marriage is a great obstacle, especially for males (â€Å"11 Known Facts About Premarital Sex†). Girls are being forced into sex at a young age, not by boys, but by the world around them. The media portrays such actions as â€Å"cool† or â€Å"with it. † A lot of young teen girls can’t have a decent celebrity role model without them having some history of a sex scandal. Music is also a big influence on teenagers. In current day songs, girls are known as just toys you play with once, but the guys are known as the â€Å"cool cat† for having a different toy each day of the week. The degrading sexual references make a difference on how both genders see each other (â€Å"Sexuality, Contraception, and Media†). The fact of the matter is, boys aren’t against premarital sex, so if a young girl deceides to give it up no one is going to say no. This kind of mentality is ruining young people to the point where there is no self-respect. Sex before marriage doesn’t seem like a big deal, but reminisce back a couple decades. Weren’t things a lot more conservative back then compared to now? Besides sex before marriage, infidelity is another issue that occurs in half of the marriages aross the country from both men and women (â€Å"When Does Infidelity Occur? â€Å"). No one feels as ashamed of commiting such a hurtful deed as they did decades ago. There seems to be no respect barrier between men and women. That leads to the theory of men not caring about anything emotionally and women too busy trying to show off what society thought of as a disgrace. There are many reasons for such problems. Look past cheating as just another thing to deal with in relationships and look at in a questioning perspective. Both genders have evolved into more open personels when it comes to infidelity. How come cheating is more common today than it was 50 years ago? The asnwer is society. It makes us lose our conscience in all the commotion. We end up not realizing right from wrong. Sex shouldn’t be an excuse for infidelity, and if it is, that says it all. Women tend to show off a little more because they feel free too and feel confident doing so, right? Unless they’re a prostitute, women don’t seem to realize the kind of message they’re sending off. In modern days women are in competition with the next female who is beside her, whether it be in the office, at school, or just another shopper at a grogercy store. The media portrays women to be lean and fit with super slim waists and average bust sizes, so they try to show as much of that as they can. What the female viewers don’t understand is that they are being targeted and singled out. Having women think they need to look a certain way will definately bring out their promiscuity. That can be a bad thing, especially if you have a daughter that is around the age of 12. Sex is introduced at the youngest age of 10 (â€Å"Talking to Your Young Child About Sex†). That doesn’t mean kids younger than that aren’t already asking questions (â€Å"Talking to Your Young Child About Sex†). The world around us isn’t very good at keeping such things out of earshot of youngsters. By their early teens, kids will show an interest in sex or sexuality. Television shows talk and joke about sex, but it does make a difference in a teen’s sexual desicsion (â€Å"Teen Sexuality: Abstinence†). Shows and commercials are filled with sexual messages and images that have effects on teens of all ages (â€Å"Sexuality, Contraception, and Media†). Around 14 to 17 years old, they’ll assume they’re all ready for sex. Teen sex is nothing shocking nor is it anything important that would make someone actually stop and think. It’s apart of teen life, and teen virgins are considered a â€Å"rare species. â€Å" Now that contreceptives are being offered to teenage girls, it is allowing them to think about having sex now knowing they’re safe. Birth control is like a gateway to sex. It says that, â€Å"Since your protected, what’s the harm of having sex? â€Å". What people tend to forget is, young girls and boys are still developing their brain and body. They’re most likely to make mistakes especially throughout adolescence, so having sex might just be another one. It is the most naive and gullible stage a person can go through. Giving girls birth control may be a smart move but nowadays it’s not about the moral view. It’s about preventing something from happening (pregnancy) instead of trying to eliminate that thought completely. Kids are starting to act, look, and dress older because society is pushing it upon them and they don’t even realize it. Sexuality in any aspect has evolved over the years. Leaving some moral traditions behind and bringing in new ones, the world today is a completely different place. There’s no shame in any game. Sex overall has got to be the most undermined issue. It doesn’t mean anything anymore just physical attraction.

State of Racism and Gender Discrimination

?State of Racism and Gender Discrimination What is discrimination? Discrimination is the prejudicial treatment of a different person or groups of people based on certain characteristics. In the United States there are seven protected characteristics or classes that are defined by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination Employment Act, and the American Disabilities Act that can not be discriminated against: race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age, and disability. This paper focuses on two of the protected classes: race and gender discrimination. What is racism? Racism (also known as discrimination against a race or races) is a belief that all members of one racial group have superior characteristics or abilities specific to that group; it allows the ranking of races based on superiority and implies the importance of one race over the others (â€Å"Racism† 2008). Supremacy ideology is core to racism. In the 20th century, the face of racism was largely black and white; however, in recent times there have been examples of racism against Native Americans, Asian Americans, African Americans, Latin Americans, and some other immigrant groups (â€Å"Racism in the United States† 2008). Today, racism has become multi-colored and multicultural. Racism and racial discrimination are very powerful forces which unfortunately harm the whole economy. Racism can take place in many areas such as the job market, housing market, educational system, and health care services. Even today, racial discrimination against minorities (especially African Americans) can be found in the housing market (i. e. making renting apartments, taking out mortgages, and buying houses extremely difficult or even impossible in some areas). This is not to say, that there has not been significant attempts and progress made, in order to eliminate racial discrimination. Racial discrimination and segregation used to be legal across the southern states of the United States (â€Å"Martin Luther King and the fight against racism in the US† 2008). Many people have tried to stop racial discrimination throughout the history of the United States. One extremely influential and pivotal leader that many people are familiar with is Martin Luther King. While this paper is not a historic telling of Martin Luther King, his ideals are as influential today as they were then. He did not want people to be judged by the color of their skin but by the capability of their character. He tried to revive the Civil Rights movement in the mid 1950s. However, he was tragically assassinated on the balcony of his hotel in Memphis, Tennessee (â€Å"Martin Luther King and the fight against racism in the US† 2008). After his passing and after many fundamental changes in the constitution, African American communities are no longer limited in their rights from society (â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr. † 2008). Today, the eyes of ethics and the highest laws of the land bids society to stop racial discrimination in all its forms, along with other types of discriminations defined under title VII, ADA, and ADEA. Gender or Sex Discrimination is the belief that one gender is more valuable than the other, and can also create doubts in the abilities of a certain sex and exacerbate stereotypes (â€Å"Sexism† 2008). In most countries around the world, gender discrimination is illegal in most circumstances (Manohar 2008). In the United States, Title VII protects against gender and sexual discrimination. There are two types of gender discrimination: disparate treatment and disparate impact (â€Å"Gender or Sex Discrimination† 2008). Disparate treatment is treating people differently because of his or her sex (â€Å"Gender or Sex Discrimination† 2008). The other is disparate impact, when the company policy does not include certain individuals or does not include everyone equally (â€Å"Gender or Sex Discrimination† 2008). The fire department is a good example of disparate impact. The qualifications of the fire department are extreme (i. e. he ability to carry and lift a lot of weight), which makes it hard for women to qualify for a job as a firefighter (â€Å"Gender or Sex Discrimination† 2008). These requirements are important to becoming a fire fighter and many argue that they are more than necessary. However, this does not mean that the fire department does not want to work with women. It is just the policy to set the standards high. Another interesting example: A male employee was fired by his employer because he refused to work at night (â€Å"Small Business Encyclopedia† 2002). This company had a policy saying that women did not have to work at night because the company was located in a high crime area. The male employees had to work the night shifts for the company, while the women employees did not. The male employee in question filed a suit under Title VII against his employer claiming sexual discrimination. The company claimed that several female employees would quit if they were forced to work at night. The company also claimed the policy was a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ). This case is interesting because BFOQ can be used as a defense to allow certain discrimination. BFOQ is an exception provided by Title VII for jobs that require a specific religion, sex, national origin, or age as a reasonable necessity for normal operations of a business. Although BFOQ applies to the fire department qualifications, the courts deemed that the company who asked only its male workers to take the night-shift was could not use BFOQ as a valid defense (â€Å"Small Business Encyclopedia† 2002). In the workplace, sexual discrimination usually involves sex becoming a factor in deciding on who gets a job, promotion, or other benefits. Many researches have shown that women are treated unfairly compared to men in hiring, promotions, and benefits (â€Å"Small Business Encyclopedia† 2002). For instance, a young man, who dropped out from high school and does not have a degree, gets a job in a high position over a young woman who has her master’s degree. While the young woman is better qualified for the position than the young man, the man gets the job. This paradigm illustrates gender discrimination. The reverse has also held true. There have been cases where men have been discriminated against, as discussed above. There is also a particular form of sexual discrimination called sexual harassment. Sexual harassment includes inappropriate words or actions of a sexual nature to the opposite sex (â€Å"Small Business Encyclopedia† 2002). Courts expect managers to understand that sexual discrimination may exist in the workplace and companies to take proactive measures to ensure that the environment is free from sexual discrimination. The first law of any federal importance in the United States regarding discrimination was The Civil Rights Act of 1871, also known as the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871; it was mainly established to protect Southern African Americans from the abuse being delivered to them from the Ku Klux Klan. Although the Act had been interpreted by the courts many times, it had very little effect. For one, the Act was loosely defined and provided loopholes for state officials, who did not get litigated under the statue. However, this hole was patched up in 1961, when the Supreme Court of the United States decided Monroe v. Pape. The decision included several provisions to close the inadequacies found in the Civil Act of 1871. The Act is now one of the most powerful statues, in which the State and Federal courts may protect those whose rights are being violated. In particular, Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act enforces the prohibition of public sector employment discrimination based on race, color, national origin, sex, and religion, but it rarely applies to the private sector. Eventually, the first Federal law to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination in the United States was passed. The law is called the Executive Order 8802, also known as the Fair Employment Act. It was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941. The law promotes and ensures that all Federal agencies and departments involved with the defense industry were administered without discrimination to race, color, or nationality on the vocational and training programs being offered to its employees and contractors. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited racial segregation in schools, public places, and employment regardless of race, color, religion, sex, or nationality. Originally conceived to help protect African Americans, it also explicitly included sections to protect women in the bill; as a result the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was founded as well. At the time of its creation, this law was seen as one of the most important legislations that abolished all forms and respects of discrimination. During its time at the House Judiciary Committee, the bill was expanded and strengthened to include bans against racial discrimination in employment, segregation in all public facilities, and protection of the rights of black voters. The bill was later passed out to the House Rules Committee, at which the committee’s chairman Howard W. Smith expressed his intention in canning the bill. But after pressures from civil rights groups and movements, Chairman Smith finally let the bill pass through and it was brought to a vote. It passed in the House on February 10, 1964 and was sent to the Senate. During the bill’s stay at the Senate, a group of southern state Senators launched a two month filibuster trying to prevent its passage through the Senate. In compromise, a revised weaker bill than the House version was brought to the tables for Senate vote on June 10, 1964 and was passed. Originally conceived to help protect African Americans, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 also explicitly included sections to protect Women’s Rights in the bill. Added by Howard W. Smith of the House Rules Committee Chairman, it was first seen as a guise to prevent the bill from passing (since at that time it was normally conceived that some groups of men within the House and Senate would oppose Women’s Rights). The Bill was later successfully passed and marked the first time legislation was put into effect to protect women. The Civil Rights Act was later followed by the Civil Rights Act of 1968, commonly known as the Fair Housing Act of 1968; which expanded the prohibition of discrimination to include the housing sector. It specifically prohibited discrimination on the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, nationality and later gender, and the protection of families with children and of the handicapped. The next important anti-discrimination law to pass was the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978. With more than 70% of women with children in the U. S. work force, the law was setup to protect women against discrimination due to their pregnancy (or intentions of becoming pregnant). Employers with prejudices against working mothers (due to the fear of lost productivity, extra costs, expenditures and accommodations associated with pregnant women) who might have been likely to discriminate against them were deterred. The Act also enables the distribution of a monetary pay-out as a result of discrimination against pregnant women. In 2006 alone, The U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission handled 4,901 claims with monetary amount awarded totaling about $10. 4 million (EEOC 2006). The Civil Rights Act was amended again for the last time in 1991, in an effort to address various limits imposed by past United States Supreme Court’s decisions on the rights of employees who had filed law suits against their employers. It was basically setup to bring forth the emotional distress damages caused by employment discrimination while setting a limit on the amount the jury could award (â€Å"List of Anti-Discrimination Acts† 2008). Before the 1991 Act was put into effect, a plaintiff could only sue their employer for discrimination and recover lost wages or salary, lost benefits, attorney fees, court fees, other legal fees, and other costs associated with reinstatement. To prevent from unreasonable court settlements, the punitive damages awarded was capped at $300,000 for most cases (excluding ethnic and/or racial discrimination) (â€Å"List of Anti-Discrimination Acts† 2008). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission still handles thousands of discrimination cases every year. There is statistical evidence that suggests racial discrimination in the workplace is still commonplace. In 2000, the EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) reported a study in North Carolina that states accusations of racial harassment on the job nearly quadrupled between 1996 and 2000. Mindy Weinstein, attorney at the EEOC office in Charlotte, North Carolina, says, â€Å"There's a new generation of workers today who were not raised in the civil rights movement, who may not have been aware of the laws that came about because of that time†¦ We think it's largely a reflection of what's going on in society as a whole† (â€Å"Racial Discrimination† 2008). Since Barack Obama’s win the 2008 presidential election, people would like to believe that racism has seen its last day; unfortunately this is not the case. According to the research of Brown University, during 1970 to 1994, when America liberalized their uncompetitive banking markets, it reduced the wage gap between blacks and whites. Economists call the wage difference between black workers and white workers the â€Å"racial wage gap† (most of which comes from bias). Gary Becker, a Nobel-prize winning economist, argued that prejudice of employees was economically inefficient. Brown University found that deregulation of the American banking industry increased competition and lowered interest rates on loans. People found it easier to start their own business. They found that in an initially high degree of racial bias, the black-white wage gap declined the most. This evidence shows competition itself can not eliminate racial discrimination. Competition can only reduce the bias from employers. Changing attitudes takes a lot of time and effort; even though Obama’s election victory denotes a change in history, there is still a long way to go (â€Å"Race and Red Tape† 2008). Wage gaps can be seen in between genders as well. Though a wage gap between white men and white women may be expected, it is surprising to see this is not the only wage gap that exits between the sexes. In other racial groups, such as African Americans, Latinos, and Asian/Pacific Islanders, men earn more money than women within their own respective race (U. S. Census Bureau 2000). According to a study, women working 41 to 44 hours per week earn 84. 6% of what men earn working similar hours; women working more than 60 hours per week earn only 78. % of what men earn working the same hours (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2002). More over, women tend to work longer before they receive promotions and get a higher pay. Most people think a higher education may increase women’s salary, but the evidence suggests otherwise. The data does not show a narrow gender gap in wages at higher levels of education. On the contrary, at the very highest levels of education, the gap is at its largest (Hilary M. Lips 2008). Racial discrimination is an important issue in the business world and is a genuine problem that still exists—and in some cases it’s getting worse. According to a study published in 1998 by the nonprofit group Catalyst called â€Å"Women of Color in Corporate Management: A Statistical Picture,† it was shown that minority women, while now accounting for almost a quarter of all women in the workplace, occupied only 15 percent of the management positions held by women. The study verifies that a combination of racial discrimination and the glass ceiling was a differentiating factor in those numbers (Racial Discrimination 2008). Glass ceiling is a symbolic phrase referring to an invisible cap preventing qualified women and minorities from progressing into key higher level management positions, or in some cases any management positions. These individuals describe the cap as a â€Å"glass ceiling† because they can see the opportunity that should be theirs through the glass, but due to the ceiling, they can not go any higher. In 1995 the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission described the American labor force as being segregated by gender and race, where â€Å"white men fill most top management positions in corporations† (Glass Ceilings: The Status of Women as Officials and Managers in the Private Sector 2004). The report affirms that the percent of women officials and managers in the private sector used to be 29% in 1990 and had increased to 36. 4% in 2002. Although this is an improvement, women embody 48 percent of all employees, but only 36. 4% of them are in key power positions. In the National Employment Summary released in 2005 by the EEOC, the average salary reported was $40,325. This report indicates that the median income of men is above average ($44,090) and the median income of women is below average ($36,417) (â€Å"National Employment Summary† 2005). The median salary for White and Asian employees was above average as well ($41,525 and $50,762 respectively); whereas Black, Hispanic, and Native American employees had median salaries below the average income (â€Å"National Employment Summary† 2005). When graphed, these findings show that White male population has an income graph that is skewed towards the right, whereas most minorities and women have a normal income distribution. The data here supports the idea that more White men are employed in higher paying jobs. The Federal Glass Ceilings Commission argues that: â€Å"The successful elimination of glass ceilings requires not just an effective enforcement strategy but the involvement of employers, employees and others in identifying and reducing ttitudinal and other forms of organizational barriers encountered by minorities and women in advancing to higher level management positions in different workplace settings. † (Glass Ceilings: The Status of Women as Officials and Managers in the Private Sector 2004) Racism and gender discrimination hurt not only the people discriminated against, but also the economy as a whole. It prevents good, qualified individuals from progressing and attributing to the market. As a result, l ess qualified or poorly qualified people get placed in key positions. This prevents business’ from reaching their potential, and thus prevents the nation from reaching its. These issues are not restricted to the United States. Racism can be found in all countries across the globe, and its effects can be devastating. Africa suffers from constant political unrest where attempts at genocide are commonplace. Will racism and gender discrimination ever come to an end? It is a difficult question to answer, especially since it is human nature to differentiate between â€Å"us† and â€Å"them† (â€Å"So stereotypes persist because we want them to† 2000). The hope and desire for America is that the definition of â€Å"us† truly changes to encompass all Americans (â€Å"from all walks of life†). Works Cited EEOC (U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). 2006. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from: http://www. eeoc. gov/index. html Feinberg, Mark PhD. â€Å"So Stereotypes Exist Because We Want Them to†. American Psychological Association Public Interest Directorate. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from: http://www. apa. org/pi/oema/racism/contents. html â€Å"Gender or Sex Discrimination†. 008. Retrieved November 29, from: http://www. discriminationattorney. com/lawyer-attorney-1287322. html â€Å"Glass Ceilings: The Status of Women as Officials and Managers in the Private Sector†. 2004. U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from: http://www. eeoc. gov/stats/reports/glassceiling/index. pdf Lips, Hilary M. â€Å"The Gender Wage Gap: Debunking the Rationalizationsâ € . Retrieved November 29, 2008, from: http://www. womensmedia. com/new/Lips-Hilary-gender-wage-gap. html â€Å"List of Anti-Discrimination Acts†. 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_anti-discrimination_acts#United_States Manohar, Uttara. â€Å"Gender Discrimination at Workplace†. October 24, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008, from: http://www. buzzle. com/articles/gender-discrimination-at-workplace. html â€Å"Martin Luther King and the fight against racism in the US†. 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008, from: http://www. socialistworker. co. uk/art. php? id=14531 â€Å"Martin Luther King Jr. . November 30, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008, from: http://www. 123HelpMe. com/view. asp? id=42718 â€Å"National Employment Summary†. 2005. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from: http://www. eeoc. gov/stats/jobpat_eeo4/2005/jobs/UnitedStatesSummary. html â€Å"Race and Red Tape†. November 13, 2008. The Economist print edition. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from: http://www. economist. com/finance/displaystory. cfm? story_id=12597512 â€Å"Racial Discrimination†. November 29, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from: http://www. nswers. com/topic/racial-discrimination â€Å"Racism†. 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Racism â€Å"Racism in the United States†. 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States â€Å"Sexism†. 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States â€Å"Small Business Encyclopedia†. 2002. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from: http://www. answers. com/topic/gender-discrimination

Trait anxiety between gifted and nongifted students Article

Trait anxiety between gifted and nongifted students - Article Example The research also informs about the test conducted among the high school students in their level of anxiety to recognize their traits and make a clear statements notifying the grades and rankings. As the students are in their teenage which is the period transformation of younger ones to adults, their generous and anxious about their qualities with which they are identified.General Trait Anxiety between the Gifted and the Non-Gifted Students: The test is held to find out the level of anxiety that is established to exhibit their special qualities which is gifted and is there in them by birth and which is acquired by aiming and targeting by non-gifted students. In both the cases, the anxiousness leads them to put forth their efforts which may be successful or may not be successful. But there is high probability that intelligence whether gifted or induced, coupled with sincere hard work always pays. And the success is sweetest of all fruits.Concealed Anxiety in the gifted and non-gifted students: The gifted students are more determined and dedicated towards their ambitions which are kept hidden in the heart and nurtured. Their devotion to their goals, never allows them to deviate their concentration to other habits and change their tendency.

Exhibit Advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exhibit Advertisement - Essay Example At the other hand you will experience the unbelievably creative art works from Japan. The time that you will spend in our museum will be the time you will enjoy the treasures of Chinese calligraphy and painting at the best. This exhibition will include colossal bronze images of deities, fantastic ritual vessels, lively human figures, exquisite jades and spirited ceramic sculptures recurring the late phase of Sanxingdui culture (13th–11th century B.C.) to the Han dynasty (3rd century B.C.–3rd century A.D.). Also, we will display the most famous Chinese paper cuts, flower art, calligraphy, scroll paintings and ivory art form that have been the center of attraction of art lovers for decades. (Anonymous, 2002). Your visit to our museum’s Japanese art exhibition will be an unforgettable experience as you will be presented with an introduction to the Museums full range of Japanese art, from the Neolithic to the modern. It will highlight Buddhist and Shinto ritual objects, secular art in a wide variety of media, prints, screens and paintings Art is really important for the study of history because the objects formed up by man show us how humans were reacting to the world around them. When studying different art histories, we learn a lot of things about the cultures, social values, religions, languages, general philosophies and beliefs of the people with whom that art is related to. This exhibition will provide rare access to a previously unknown artistic and cultural tradition along with an opportunity to reexamine the early phases of Chinese and Japanese

Strategy for growth for a student's society Coursework

Strategy for growth for a student's society - Coursework Example In the same perspective, the student organisations will always aim at facilitating ideas that influence a relatively large number of students (Collins, 2001). Student societies have come to gain great command since universities are the highest entities of learning, endorsed with a huge number of people from various parts of the world. The fact that any student, in a particular university, regardless of their age or current situation will always be in a position to join their preferred organisations, calls for a lot of members all the same. Nevertheless, the situation is getting even better as more and more university-based student organisations continue to incorporate members of non-university background (Goldsmith & Robertson, 2003). Such kinds of allowances have called for the development of various types of student organisations. This can be in the range of faculty societies that orient on a particular university faculty in the perspective of uniting current members. Aspects like taekwondo have come to amalgamate various students of similar ideologies with science fiction calling for the opportunity to unite students with interests on film and television. On the other hand, academic aspects like study organisation have also played an important role in bringing together various students of similar study years at a particular university. ... The equivalent can be related to the music and film societies that handle cheap film and music shows within the university. The students’ societies have widespread influence opportunities that affect almost every aspect related to students. For instance, the international student societies will always seek to unite various students from different backgrounds at a university. In the business perspective, students with similar ideas in production and commerce will come up with related groups, for instance the Students in Free Enterprise (SIFE). This organization has amalgamated students with leadership quests in the business world, especially those seeking higher education (Shankman & Allen, 2010). Commonly known as Enactus, this organisation is among the few students’ societies that have come to foresee a lot of development. With reference to the global nature of business, almost every university around the globe has several faculties related to business and its aspects. Everything happening everywhere from rural areas to urban centers in any country happens to be business-based. Companies are developed with a quest of making profits. Governments gain their operational capital from taxation-based on business. The buying and selling of property around any retail and wholesale shops is an idea of business. The travelling of people from one place to another, be it by planes, vehicles or ships, involves the exchange of money. Business affects everyone, not only on the directly practical aspects mentioned above, but also in the virtual world of the Internet. Today, people are setting up companies and institutions online. The selling of products is today based on the Internet as people advertise the various products they possess, quoting their prices

Power & Privilege - Fashioning a plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Power & Privilege - Fashioning a plan - Essay Example The paper "Power & Privilege - Fashioning a plan" is a personal expression of my own belief system along with a strategy for affecting change. I found the articles by these two writers, as well as those of Johnson, to be interesting; but I find myself somewhat critical of their bias. I agree with Peters that â€Å"[s]ystems and institutions that regulate class location are much more powerful than individuals† (Peters 1). There are certainly individuals who work hard and try to improve their lives and situations and are prevented from achieving complete success due to the resistance of the powerful; and social change efforts should be made to address those inequities. I can’t accept, however, that â€Å"everyone deserves what you have; you just happen to have it† or her idea that â€Å"empowered people enrich themselves by leaving exploitative, dehumanizing work to others†. This position implies too much intentionality to what often is random placement with in the socio-economic spectrum or the result of individual choice. As James and Robinson point out, â€Å"there are necessarily differences between people. We all perceive these differences and make judgments about others based on them...† (xv), and this is exactly what Peters does; she makes judgments about those employed in menial jobs from her perspective of upper-middle class privilege. She would never be happy bagging groceries; ergo, no one else can be either. That’s just a little too simplistic. As for Alperovitz, putting his political partisanship aside.... As Schultz notes, "social reformers and activists would be better served by reconsidering how much hope was placed upon working through the courts versus investing more time to win critical victories thorough the political process" (9). The legal system certainly has its place in addressing the suppression of classes of individuals, but the political system is a better tool for social policy. It also has the benefit of being the voice of the people, rather than that of an activist judiciary or single governmental branch. What I have learned. From this course, I have come to a fresh understanding of power and privilege generally, the impact of the misuse of those concepts on the radically disenfranchised, as well as my own place within the dynamic. I don't believe that the positions taken by authors on either extreme are realistic. An individual's plight is not solely the result of his or her own choices, but neither is it necessarily the intentional infliction of harm by a bad system. Certainly, many individuals must shoulder the burden of their own choices and it is far too easy to blame the system for their condition. On the other hand, there really are those people who are neither powerful nor privileged as a result of systemic oppression or neglect. As I look at my own standing in society and the privileges I enjoy, I am aware of those who have more and those who have less. I think that everyone is both privileged and disenfranchised on some level. The distinction for me lies within the individua l circumstances under consideration. The middle-class college student has more inherited privilege than the impoverished gang member, naturally. I am

Thematic Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Thematic - Research Paper Example The Old Testament and New Testament are different in certain ways, but at the same time, share common characteristics that are clear and overt. For instance, the Old Testament basically demonstrates the creation of God’s Law, whereas the New Testament illustrates how Jesus, the Son of God, has fulfilled this law. Although both testaments fight for the same cause, the fact remains that the various biblical themes presented in both are different. In this light, the paper at hand focuses on the biblical theme of faith, how it is portrayed in the Old Testament and how the theme has been developed in the New Testament. With reference to the opening verse presented in this paper, it is a known fact that Hebrews 11 contains the best and strongest depiction of the biblical theme of faith. ‘The conviction of things not seen’ as well as ‘what is seen was not made out of things which are visible,’ are elements that arise out of faith of the individuals. It is quite hard to believe what cannot be seen, however, faith in Christianity enables the individual to believe in the divine almighty even though He cannot be seen and there is no solid proof of His existence. However, faith here plays a monumental role, as it is faith that facilitates belief in things not seen, and enhances a Christian’s understanding as to the fact that whatever is seen now, that is, the whole world, was not made from things which were visible, but rather, by that invisible phenomenon on which the whole of Christianity depends. Thus, Christians achieve the salvation in justification that comes throug h faith and transcends beyond any â€Å"mortal efforts† of the individuals in trying to gain satisfaction of God’s justice in the redemption of fallen men (Lensch 1). On the other hand, Old Testament brings to fore the fact that God has selected the Jews as His chosen people, whereas in the New Testament the focus is places on God’s dealings within His

Human resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Human resources - Essay Example One tool for monitoring performance management is  performance appraisal. For organizations, performance management is usually known as company performance and is monitored through business appraisal. [Performance Management. (2009). In  BUSINESS: The Ultimate Resource. Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/ultimatebusiness/performance_management] What value does Performance Management have for an organization? For the organization, Performance Management’s is beneficial as it facilitates the organization’s capacity to deliver strategic and operational goals which can be translated to a growth in sales, reduction of costs, and increased operational efficiency. It also provides the employee a clear understanding of how meeting target performance adds value to the organization’s strategic goals. What value for an individual? For an individual, Performance Management is beneficial as it creates an environment that motivates employees to be at its be st. Through Performance Management, employees are also able to know how much and how they are contributing to the growth of the organization. And as the employees contribute to the growth of the organization, Performance Management provides the incentive structure by which employees are rewarded for achieving if not exceeding their goal in the organization. 2. What is meant by the term Business Behavior? What are the unbreakable behavior laws? Why is behavior considered the key to quality? What is meant by the term Business Behavior? Business behavior â€Å"underlies what employees choose to do (quality and/or quality), how much effort they will put into accomplishing the task, and how long they will put into accomplishing it†. (Steven Stralser, Phd. MBA in a Day: what you would learn in top tier schools (if you only had the time!) John and Wiley and Sons Incorporated, Hoboken, New Jersey, Published simultaneously in Canada. E-book. P. 20 What are the unbreakable behavior law s? Unbreakable behavior laws are the inviolable laws of business conduct that was drafted to align processes and employee activities within the organization to ensure that behavior will be in consonance to the company’s strategic and long-term goals. They are the set of performance expectations from employees that is tied up with the over-all organizational goal. Why is behavior considered the key to quality? Business Behavior is key to quality because it determines how an employee will perform. If behavior is desirable and consistent to Performance Plan, such behavior will translate not only quality but also greater efficiency. While an underperforming behavior will undermine not only the particular employee’s performance but also the organization as a whole. 3. What is pinpointing? How does pinpointing apply to performance management? What is meant by â€Å"the right† pinpoint? What value does pointing have in managing performance? What is pinpointing? Pinpoin ting is being specific about target performance and communicating it clearly to the employees. It includes defining the drivers that measures performance that will add value to organizational goa

Local and National Provision of Hurling Essay Example for Free

Local and National Provision of Hurling Essay In this essay I will look at how Hurling is provided for in Belfast at grassroots level to representative level. I will also examine if there is any provision for those with disabilities to play Hurling and I will examine if there is any provision for different gender groups. I will then see what provision is available to play Hurling at national level and see how excellence is developed. The national governing body of hurling is the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). The National Organisation (G.A.A.) is run by Central Council (à rd Comhairle), with the Management Committee (Coiste Bainistà ­) controlling day-to-day affairs. They run the All-Ireland series of the club and county championships, and look after the Railway Cup competition. The Provincial Councils are the organisations responsible for the arrangement of G.A.A. matters within their Province. They organise the Provincial Championships for clubs and counties in both hurling and football, and look after organisational and disciplinary matters in their jurisdiction. Each of the thirty-two counties in Ireland organises its own GAA affairs through a County Board. Counties have a number of Divisional or Juvenile Boards to organise competitions at district and youth levels. The County Board (and / or subsidiary boards) will organise competitions for the clubs within its jurisdiction. They are also responsible for the organisation of teams to play at inter-county level, at all age groups from Under-10 to Senior. The G.A.A. has over 2,500 clubs in Ireland alone. The playing of Gaelic Games is based on the G.A.A/ Club, and each of the 32 Counties in Ireland have their own Club competitions, culminating in County Winners in championship and league. GAA Central Council (à rd Comhairle) Provincial Councils County Board Divisional or Juvenile Boards Clubs Young people in Belfast are catered to play hurling in a number of different ways. There are GAA clubs they can join which will take them from U8 right through to senior level, but there are also many competitions organised through schools and colleges. Clubs/County Schools U8/U10 Primary School Blitz tournament Inter School Competitions

Intermediate Accounting Essay Example for Free

Intermediate Accounting Essay Nicholas Inc. is in need of a new punch press to increase its production output. Their company policy is to have the purchasing department obtain 3 different vendor bids for any major purchases. The engineering department of Nicholas Inc. has determined that each of the three vendor’s punch presses is substantially identical and each has an estimated useful life of 20 years. Maintenance on the machine is performed at year-end. With a cost of capital of 10%, it is our job to determine which vendor to purchase the new machine from. The engineering department has determined the annual maintenance expense associated with the punch press to be $1000 per year for the first five years, $2000 per year for the next 10 years and $3000 per year for the last five years. To calculate the present value of these accumulated costs you need to calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity of $1,000 for the first five periods plus the present value of an ordinary annuity of $2,000 in periods 6 thru 15 plus the present value of an ordinary annuity in periods 16 thru 20. This is equal to: =1000 x PV of OA + 2000 x PV of OA + 3000 x PV of OA =1000 x 3.79079 + 2000 x (7.60608-3.79079) + 3000 x (8.51356-7.60608) =$14,143.81 The value of the punch press from Vendor A is equal to $55,000 in cash at delivery and 10 year end payments of $18,000 each. To calculate the present value of the purchase, you need to calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity of $18,000 plus the initial payment of $55,000. This in preset value is equal to: =55000 + 18000 x PV of OA =55000 + 18000 x 6.14457 =$165,602.26 Vendor A offers a separate 20-year maintenance service contract valued at $10000 made at the initial purchase. This would save the company $4,143.81 in maintenance costs over the life of the press. Including maintenance costs associated with this punch press, the total amount of money spent on this machine in present day dollars would be $175,602.26 The value of the punch press from Vendor B is equal to forty semiannual payments of $9,500 each, with the first payment due at the time of delivery. To determine the cost in present value dollars, you find the present value of an annuity due of $9500 for 40 periods at 5%, which is equal to: =9500 x PV of AD =9500 x (17.15909 x 1.05) =$171,161.92 Vendor B will perform all year-end maintenance associated with the press at no additional cost, so the present value amount spent on the equipment would be $171,161.92 The value of the punch press from Vendor C is equal to $150,000 cash at the initial time of delivery. Since no annual maintenance package is offered from Vendor C, we must assume the cost of maintenance will be equal to what the engineering department had determined above. The present value dollar costs associated with the purchase of the press from Vendor C is $164,143.81. Nicholas Inc. should use Vendor C to purchase the new punch press. Using present value dollars to determine how much the press will cost today, Vendor C offers the cheapest purchase price for the machine. One factor other than the price of the equipment Nicholas Inc. should consider is the balance in their cash account. Do they have a large enough balance to cover the large initial payment of $150,000? Also, if they do have enough cash on hand to make a $150,000 initial purchase, will this result in Nicholas Inc. being short on the cash that it needs for other normal expenses like payroll, utilities and raw materials purchases? If a cash shortfall would result from purchasing the press from Vendor C, then Nicholas Inc. may be forced to use Vendor B who offers a financing plan but will result in them paying more in present value dollars for the press. The most recent concept statement that deals with present value measurements in accounting is the Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements. This was issued in February of 2000. When observable dollar amounts are not available to determine the value of an asset or liability, accountants often turn to estimated cash flows to determine the carrying value of the asset or liability in question. Since those cash flows usually occur in one or more future periods, present value concepts of the future cash flows are used to determine the value of the asset or liability. The goal here is to determine the difference in value between these cash flows if they were received today and when they are received in the future. Examples of assets and liabilities that would use present value concepts to determine their carrying value are notes payable, bonds payable, notes receivable and bonds receivable. The following are key terms related to present value and its use in accounting measurement practices. Best estimate is the single most likely amount in a range of possible estimated amounts. Estimated cash flow refers to a single amount to be received or paid in the future. Expected cash flow refers to the probability-weighed amounts in a range of possible estimated amounts to be received or paid in the future. A fresh-start measurement is when the value of an asset or a liability is re-evaluated after its original period of valuation. Some fresh-start measurements are performed every period while others occur only after a certain situation or â€Å"trigger† occurs. Interest methods of allocation refers to the process companies use to adjust the book value of assets or liabilities when their values have previously been determined using present value techniques. Interest methods of allocation will be used to determine the carrying value of the punch press for Nicholas Inc in future periods. Estimated cash outflows associated with each vendor were the basis to determine which vendor had the cheapest present value price of the equipment. [ 1 ]. FASB, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements, Paragraph 1. February 2000. [ 2 ]. FASB, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements, February 2000.

Theoretical Accounts of Great Power Politics

Theoretical Accounts of Great Power Politics Postcolonialism is primarily concerned with the south, the subaltern and its past because as Abrahamsen argues, Any understanding of contemporary IR requires a careful account of the multiple and diverse power relationships that link the North and the South, both in the colonial past and the postcolonial present. (Abrahamsen, 2007) Postcolonialism finds its origins in work done with a view to give a voice to the history of the south and the subaltern that was not heard as it was silenced, even gagged by the actions of imperialist Europe. Postcolonial theory places the south and the subaltern at the centre of analyses. (Abrahamsen, 2007) It is a contextually new area of theory within the sphere of international relations that has emerged out of literary and cultural studies. The most significant movement that began postcolonial work was (and still is) the subaltern studies group that (re)examined Indian history and historiography. (Goss, 1996) The connection postcolonialism shares wit h Indian historiography stems from the counter hegemonic aspirations shared by both, Postcolonialism has strong affinities with Indian historiography, which has been motivated by a desire to retell history from the counter-hegemonic standpoints of the colonised. (Abrahamsen, 2007) On the whole postcolonialism does not, however, call for the return to a pristine, unspoilt pre-colonial culture, (Abrahamsen, 2007) and many even claim that this would be detrimental if not impossible. I will explore postcolonialism through looking at some of the key contributors to postcolonial study, namely Fanon and Said with a briefer look at Spivak and Bhabha. Within this I will touch upon the influences that came from the field of post-structuralism with writers such as Lacan, Faucault and Derrida. I will then look at the concepts of hybridity, ethnicity and location that have become revised and this more compelling in recent postcolonial work before finally looking at some criticism that has been a imed at postcolonial theory, notably from Hobson. Fanon was a very influential part of early postcolonialism; his work can be divided into three separate sections, investigating black identity, the resisting colonisation and the process of decolonisation. Fanons search for black identity is best demonstrated in his work Black Skin, White Masks. In this work Fanon suggests that colonialism and its deep rooted ideas of white racial superiority (Fanon, 1967) over non-white people has formed a sense of severance and estrangement in the self-identity of the non-white colonised people. The history, culture, language, customs and beliefs of the white coloniser are, under colonial rule, to be regarded as universal, the norm and better or higher than those of the indigenous colonised people. This produces a strong sense of inadequacy throughout the colonised and eventually, in order to counteract these feelings of inadequacy, this leads the colonised to adopt the culture and customs of the colonisers. Within the colonised this forms a divide d sense of self in identity shaping and a feeling of alienation from their own culture. Fanon also suggests that the taking on of the colonisers language and forms of representation is additionally detrimental to the indigenous people as representational stereotypes are created which were more often than not reflected on the colonised as primitive and uncivilised, as Fanon puts it, As I begin to recognize that the Negro is the symbol of sin, I catch myself hating the Negro. But then I recognize that I am a Negro. (Fanon, 1967) It is clear that Fanon is greatly influenced on the subject of identity by post-sctructuralist thinker Lacan. Particularly Lacans concept of the mirror-stage of identity formation, which occurs in early childhood and is linked to the idea of an image of completeness in the body of another person independent of the self. Fanons second phase of work relates to the struggle against colonialism (Fanon, 1967), which has strong links to his involvement in the Algerian War of independence which eventually saw him exiled from Algeria. His work on this area can be found mostly in his books Dying Colonialism and Toward the African Revolution, and with the revolutionary nature and context in which these works were written it is not surprising to discover they were heavily influenced by Karl Marx and Western Marxism. Fanons arguably most significant work on the struggle against colonialism was his interest and concern with history, much of which in his book The Wretched of The Earth. Fanon believed that the struggle against colonialism crucially involved the colonised claiming back their history from the negative or non-existent accounts that had been shaped by the colonisers. He emphasizes the crucial significance of the culture and representations of their past being essential to the formation of both new pos itive forms of identity formation and new forms of social organisation which are required in the newly independent post-colonial era (Fanon, 1967). It is the process of decolonisation which characterises Fanons third stage of critical work. Beside the recovery and reconstruction of their own history and culture as the foundation for the new post-colonial forms of nation and national identity, (Fanon, 1967) Fanon also considers two additional ideas which are of central interest to later postcolonial work. These two ideas are the concepts of colonial space and ideas related to the role of the middle class intelligentsia, sometimes called the comprador bourgeoisie, in new postcolonial nations. Both of these ideas were born out of Fanons belief that it is key for the nations that the world has given birth to in the postcolonial era to create original forms of social democracy instead of using existing colonial institutions and merely swap indigenous people into already existing administrative positions. Fanon uses the example of city structure to suggest that these colonial institutions are fundamentally racist because they replicat e, repeat and (re)create the concepts and ideas of the colonisers. This can be demonstrated through the fact that most colonial cities have areas within them where the colonial administration and businessmen live and work. These are regions of privilege which often reject indigenous people and in doing so reaffirm the ideologies of the colonisers. Fanon believes in a large scale rebuilding (Fanon, 1967) of these urban areas and all other types of colonial administration and government in an approach which will create more democratic, postcolonial forms of social organisation, in order to systematically reject the ideologies which support colonial rule. Fanon also adds that the educated groups of the colonised population need to recognise that their education is founded on the ideologies and the beliefs of those who colonised them and even though they themselves are the indigenous people, they need to be careful not to reproduce the colonisers concepts and beliefs when reconstructing in the postcolonial era. Said is, along with Fanon, one of the most important academics within postcolonial theory, It is Ahmad who has identified Saids lasting contribution, as the first to provide, a whole critical apparatus for defining a postmodern kind of anti-colonialism which, also for the first time, had little (if no) relation to Marxism (Goss, 1996) Saids most famous work, Orientalism, was a pioneering analysis of the stereotypes and colonial assumptions that are inherent in Western representations of the Orient. For Said the Orient was the people and cultures that extended from North Africa and the Middle East. In Orientalism, the argument he makes is that that the representation of the orient in the West has been as the binary opposite of the West or Occident. Said examines the Wests view of the Orient and believes that the way the Orient is seen by the west is as encapsulating everything they find awkward or unsettling to their dominant image. The West projects this fantasy image onto the largel y unknown orient and in this sense it is seen as the occidents other. Said follows this on with a discussion of how the western depictions of the orient work to re-impose colonial domination by using their own western beliefs and culture as a way of counteracting the deficient, potentially harmful qualities of local, inferior cultures. Said also believes that this Orientalism he speaks of comes in two separate forms, drawn from Freudian ideas Said labels them latent and manifest Orientalism. Said describes latent and manifest orientslism respectively as, an unconscious (and certainly an untouchable) positivity and the various stated views about Oriental society, languages, literatures, history, sociology and so forth. (Said, 1973) Essentially latent Orientalism is, as Kennedy puts it, a collective and unconscious shared set of images and attitudes that does not change through time. (Kennedy, 2000) Manifest Orientalism follows on from this as the expression in words and actions of la tent Orientalism. The negative representations and stereotypes touched upon by Said are examined further by McLeod in Beginning Postcolonialism. He looks at the defamatory way in which the Middle-East is portrayed from an orientalist perspective. A summation of the ways in which the East is represented by the West is presented by Mcleod, The orient is timeless i.e. without a concept of history until given one by the west, strange, feminine, and degenerate. In short, the East is everything morally negative in comparison to the Wests moral superiority. (McLeod, 2000) The foundations on which Said builds his work on the representations of the East by those in the West are significantly influenced by French post-structuralist Faucault and his works The Archaeology of Knowledge and Discipline and Punish. Said uses Faucaults ideas on the formulation and use of a discourse to try to firmly establish the concept of orientalism. For Foucault, a discourse is a body of thought and writing that is united by havin g a common object of study, a common methodology, and/or a set of common terms and ideas. (Klages, 2001) The archaeology Foucault undertakes is to unearth the characteristics that underpin certain statements and then try to define the reasons and situations under which these statements go on to form a discourse. There is, what some might call, a formula for identifying these statements as a discourse, I will use Saids work on Postcolonialism as an example to explain each criteria. Primarily and fundamentally the statements making up the discourse should all have a shared element of analysis, in the case of Said the element of analysis is, of course, the orient. Secondly all statements should have a shared style of rhetoric, in the case of Said this is the rhetoric of the colonisers and their belief in the West being over and above the East. Thirdly the statements need to have a logical structure of concepts, in this case concepts such as capitalism and liberalism that have evolved o ut of the Wests supposedly superior rationality. Finally there needs to be a connecting theme that runs through all the statements, within Saids work we can say that this theme is the West over and above the east in their moral, cultural and intellectual standings. Having mentioned Faucault I think it is also necessary to talk about the important influence of another post-structuralist theorist on postcolonial theory, namely Derrida. Derrida is heavily connected with the approach to critical analysis known as deconstruction, which is defined by Chambers dictionary as an approach to critical analysis applied especially to literary texts which asserts that it is impossible for any text to communicate a fixed and stable meaning, and that readers should leave behind all philosophical and other concepts when approaching a text (Chambers Dictionary, 1997) One of the themes of deconstruction is to untangle the dichotomies, or binary oppositions more specifically, that make up Western and Western-derived thought. There are an almost endless number of these binary oppositions; examples would include male-female, mind-body, rational-emotional, north-south and western-eastern. According to Derrida there is a hierarchy present in all binary oppositions with one term being dominant over the other. Importantly Derrida also suggests that the terms on each side of the dichotomy define each other and consequently are not secure. Starting with Fanon postcolonial theory has also paid a great deal of attention to these binary oppositions, particularly the ones closely related to colonialism, and the hierarchy that exists within them. Another two influential postcolonial thinkers come in the form of Spivak and Bhabha; the areas on which they focus, feminism and post-modernism to name two, and have become crucial to the thought within postcolonialism. In looking at their work it is clear that two key themes that yet again turn up are identity and representation. A great deal of work within the postcolonial sphere has been focused upon the relationship between representation and the forming of identity. Within this area there are three concepts that have been used to shed analytical light onto the subject, namely hybridity, ethnicity and cultural location. These concepts are, evidently, connected but postcolonialists dont limit themselves to these areas of critical analysis. Hybridity is essentially the mixing of two, or more, cultures, languages, beliefs or social patterns. It is seen by many, including Bhabha as a form of resistance, Hybridity, for Bhabha , is a sign of resisting domination. Hybrid identities can engender new forms of being that can unsettle and subvert colonial authority. (Abrahamsen, 2007) Hybridity can be linked with previous ideas in postcolonialism, the idea of retrieving postcolonial forms of history, culture and language in order to create new national identities is mentioned throughout postcolonial works. However, the migrations that occur inside and outside the colonies i.e. colonisers migrating into the colonies and the colonised migrating out to the colonial powers, has resulted in a much higher level of hybridity within national identities than initially thought. It had been in many early postcolonial works that one of the most prominent forms of collective resistance was the focus on a separate identity and being culturall y distinct from the colonisers. It has recently been shown how difficult identity construction of this sort is and further investigation is being undertaken in this area. The conditions under which hybridity occurs in postcolonial societies can consist of mass recognition of cultural suppression, a colonial invasion with the purpose of securing control politically and economically, and when colonial settlers migrate into an area and make the indigenous people conform to their new social patterns. It could be argued that an example of the indigenous people conforming to new social patterns can be found with the aborigines in Australia, colonisers introduced them to much stronger alcohol than they had ever been used to and alcohol abuse is now a major issue within aborigine culture, Aborigines are twice as likely to die from the effects of alcohol as their non-indigenous counterparts. (Mecer, 2007) Examples of hybridity within national identity can be seen by means of sport throughout the world, football, rugby and cricket are all of English invention and can be identified as the national sports of countries that used to be British colonies i.e. Football in African countries such as Ghana, Rugby in Australia and Cricket in India. Ethnicity, some would say, is connected directly to the idea that hybridity is strong in national identities within postcolonial areas. Previously in postcolonial theory much of what now falls under the banner of ethnicity used to be labelled race. The main reason for this is centred on the idea of blackness and being black as an identity. This idea of blackness stemmed predominantly from physical characteristics as an indicator of identity. Although this found a use when it came to the fight against racism and colonialism it came to be thought of as homogenising the experiences of all black people. Consequently this view also simplified the assorted and varied cultures within the black community. In addition to this, the idea of being black as an identity was prone to privileging black people by identifying them as the only ones to suffer from racism and colonialism. Subsequently within postcolonial work the term race has been ousted in favour of the term ethnicity. The concept of e thnicity distinguishes between cultures, religions and social activities that comprise a cultural identity whereas the physically based concept of race tends to homogenise. Additionally the move towards ethnicity shows a clear acknowledgement of hybridity and cultural identity and consequently beings them closer to the surface of critical activity within postcolonialism theory. Given the extra focus on the previously mentioned concepts of cultural identity and hybridity coupled with the move from race to ethnicity, the comprehension of the concept of cultural location necessarily becomes more sophisticated. It is no longer concerned with the analysis of a specific geographical area so much as the analysis of the cultures, religions and social activities which interact to produce a cultural identity. This change in focus away from the geographical means that crucially important populations that may have migrated around, or out of, a colonised land, perhaps taking their culture with them, are not left out of postcolonialist work. Consequently a deeper and more complex research can be undertaken on the concepts of racism and colonialism. There has been some criticism thrown at postcolonialism, perhaps as it has many branches the reach into different areas, Hobson for one argues that postcolonialism is plagued by its constant expansion, The term postcolonial seems increasingly to be straining at its seams, incorporating a proliferating series of theories with varying ontologies and epistemologies many of which are incommensurable, as even some postcolonialist recognise. (Hobson, 2007) On top of this he claims that the postcolonialist view point is narrow sighted and overlooks a vast period of time in empires did not cover the world, East/West relations have, for the majority of world historical time existed outside the orbit of empire, thus rendering a central focus on imperialism as inadequate to the task of revealing Eastern agency. (Hobson, 2007) He then argues that even though postcolonialism claims to try and undo, the Eurocentrism produced by the institution of the Wests trajectory, (Goss, 1996) it is still fund amentally flawed and even Eurocentric itself, Postcolonialists refuse to grant subjectivity to Eastern actors and thereby deny them agency. (Hobson, 2007) I have looked at the arguments and ideas put forward by the most influential writers in postcolonial theory. Fanons search for black identity, struggle against colonisation and process of decolonisation investigation, I believe, are very persuasive. Especially his look at black identity as I believe the majority of ones identity is formed through similar concepts to Lacans mirror-stage identity formation. Another convincing argument, for me, is that regarding stereotypes, binary opposition and deconstruction. A great deal is tied up within our languages, evident when there isnt a translation of certain words from one language into another. Consequently it can only lead to false understandings and misinterpretations throughout the world, especially in those places where languages are forced to co-habit such as colonial, and now postcolonial, areas. Essentially I think it is important to tackle the problem and discover the source of Western bias that undeniably exists in the contempora ry world. In addition to this, perhaps more importantly, the countries and people who have been suppressed, silenced and denied a history need to be compensated, if not least through continuing study I this area. The need, in nations, or groups which have been victims of imperialism to achieve an identity uncontaminated by universalist or Eurocentric concepts or images. (During, 1990)

Odysseus: Heroes Essay -- essays research papers

Odysseus: Heroes A hero is a brave and strong person, who is also very human. A hero feels fear and every other emotion that we do. A true hero is a person who does something great and does not expect to be given any thing in return. A hero does something that effects a large number of people. A hero thinks more of others than he or she thinks of him or her self. The characters in the poem, "Women", and The Odyssey are both epic heroes. Odysseus is a strong and brave man, but I think he lacks one of the major characteristics of a hero. I think he thinks of himself more than of others. I think the characters in the poem, "Women," are better heroes because they can be related to easier. I don't think the poem characters are like an epic hero because they are less into them selves than an epic hero. They also seem to have done lesser things, I mean epic heroes always do something so great, like take twenty men on, or lead an army to victory. Everyday heroes seem to be more realistic and do something that's great, but its not written up in every news paper in the country. Odysseus is a brave man that did great things. In The Odyssey he conquers a monster using smarts and strength. He also looks out for his crew mates. He is faithful to his wife, well, in his mind he is. He kills many men on his own in a battle at his home. He cries a coupl...

Comparing Fuentes’ Aura and Ligotti’s The Last Feast of Harlequin Essay

Mythological and Archetypal Reading of Fuentes’ Aura and Ligotti’s The Last Feast of Harlequin  Ã‚   Mythological and archetypal techniques coupled with the interpretation of symbolism found within a piece of literature tells the reader something about the mind and character of a people or culture. Not only does it allow you to delve deeper into this collective mind and speculate about the meaning of a particular work, it can give you something more. I believe that by using these techniques you also get a better glimpse into the main character’s state of mind. It also gives you clues as to is going on ‘behind the scenes’ that will affect the character’s mental state. The texts I chose for this essay are Fuentes’ Aura and Thomas Ligotti’s The Last Feast of Harlequin. Both are dark tales that are full of symbolism. Interpreting some of this symbolism may tell us why the main character acts the way he does and what his mental state is throughout the story. The main characters in both stories are similar. Both are young men who are well educated, with one who attended Harvard and the other who attended the Sorbonne in Paris. The two men are both teachers, each working on his own ‘life’s work’. Interestingly enough, neither story mentions any close family or friends the main characters might have. Fuentes’ Aura is definitely a strange story. It is hypnotic; it draws you in with its slow, seductive style. That is how I would describe this twisted love story that ends very surprisingly. Within this story there is symbolism that helps the reader to understand it better. First, we will explore some of the symbolism that could show us there was an effect on Felipe’s mental state. Darkness abounded in Senora Consuelo’s ... ...things. This approach also gives you an insight into the character’s mind and possibly answers the question of why would they do something that no other sane person would do. In Aura, some of the symbolism found throughout the story suggested that Felipe was not thinking clearly. Surely anyone else would have just left after encountering that woman and her house. In the other story, the main character’s dark side was leading him to do things he or any other outsider might not have done otherwise. Using this approach gives the reader little clues as to what might happen in the story, insight into the main character’s mental state, and a greater understanding of the story as a whole. Works Cited Fuentes, Carlos. Aura. Trans. Lysander Kemp. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1981. Ligotti, Thomas. The Last Feast of Harlequin. The Voice of the Damned 1990.

The Cathedral

â€Å"Where ignorance is our master, there is no possibility of real peace†, (Dalai Lama XIV). This quote relates to the narrator in Raymond Carver’s short story, â€Å"The Cathedral†. In this story Bub’s ignorance is shown in various parts throughout the story. Towards the end of the story, Bub has an epiphany. This makes him realize how ignorant he’s been towards his wife as well as Robert, her childhood sweetheart and present day best friend. He enters from a world of insecurities to a world of peace. The narrator’s jealousy and ignorance, is seen in many parts throughout the story. An example of Bub’s jealousy is when he says, â€Å"I waited in vain to hear my name on my wife’s sweet lips†¦ but I heard nothing of the sort. More talk of Robert†, (Carver, Pg. 98). Not only does he show jealousy, Bub also shows ignorance when he stereotypes against Robert. As if stereotyping against Robert wasn’t enough, Bub goes on to stereotype against Robert’s late wife Beulah, as he sarcastically said, â€Å"Beulah! That’s a name for colored woman†, (Carver, Pg. 5). Beulah passed away in her lost battle to gland cancer. He also showed his ignorance when he quoted, â€Å"I wasn’t enthusiastic about his visit. He was no one I knew. And his being blind bothered me†, (Carver, Pg. 94). Overall, the way he expressed himself about Robert, â€Å"the blind man†, in the story simply said a lot about him. Bub comes out from a world of insecurities to a world of peace, the moment he lets himself be guided by Robert. They drew a cathedral; a symbol of faith, conversion, creativity, and strength. It was like nothing else in my life up to now†, (Carver, Pg. 103). The narrator faced his insecurities with Robert as well as his ability to interact with others. At first Bub could find no significance to it and found it hard to explain to Robert. It wasn’t until Robert told him to close his eyes and continue drawing, that made a light bulb in his head go on, â€Å"It’s really something†, (Carver, Pg. 103). Bub was blinded before he realized how ignorant he was in regards to his marriage as well as with Robert. In conclusion we face ignorance on an everyday basis. It shows our lack of knowledge and sometimes reaches extreme measures. Ignorance occurs when people believe they know everything and act upon it, when this isn’t reality. This is a quality that the narrator possessed. Without knowing, his inability to see the positive in people almost caused him his marriage. He was so caught up with his insecurities that he almost oversaw his wife’s attempted suicide. It’s important to admit and overcome ignorance in order to find the inner peace within oneself.

A warm welcome to BN2102 Bioengineering data analysis Essay

Understand the statistical analysis that commonly accompanies publication of experimental data in scientific literature.   Perform the appropriate statistical analysis for a given set of experimental data. Estimate a parameter of interest by performing a suitable fitting to a set of experimental data. Create a suitable mathematical model based on the available experimental data. The module is divided in two parts. The first part will be taught by Chen Peiyi of the Department of Statistics and Applied Probability while the second part will be taught by Dr Alberto Corrias of the Department of Bioengineering. Some of the sessions will be conducted in the computer cluster rooms (block E2, level 3). For those sessions, the class is divided in 4 groups. Please check the IVLE to see which group you belong to and the Lesson Plan to check the exact locations and timings. The assessment is a combination of Continuous Assessment (CA) and final exam a s follows: CA of part 1: 20% CA of part 2: 20% Final exam: 60% The nature of the CA will be specified by each lecturer in due course. The final exam will be closed book. No aid†sheet will be allowed. Statistical tables will be provided if necessary. Please bring your calculator, however please note that programmable calculators will NOT be allowed. We hope you will enjoy BN2102! Best wishes, The teaching staff.

“After Apple-picking” Robert Frost and “Prospero’s Epilogue” by William Shakespeare Essay

There are simply a select few individuals in this world that could be considered as exceptional. There are many great names in the world of literature, but this paper would only focus on two great writers and their respective works.   William Shakespeare is considered by many as the greatest writer that has ever lived. He is even nicknamed â€Å"the immortal† by literature enthusiasts. On the other hand Robert Frost is a great poet, whose works had taken the poetry genre by storm. This paper will make a comparison of two works of these two great writers: Shakespeare’s Epilogue for Prospero and Frost’s â€Å"After Apple-Picking.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two works were communicated under the same medium, poetry. Both works were utilizing poetic devices such as symbolism, imagery, alliteration, etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The function of both works is to assault the emotions of the readers. â€Å"After Apple-Picking† is a poem about writing a poem. Frost tells the readers that writing poetry is an arduous task â€Å"I am overtired† (Line 29) But that tiredness of a poet could be relieved by the audience appreciation â€Å"of the great harvest I myself desired.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The image of the many apples is a symbol for creativity. Frost is simply arguing that there is an abundance of creativity—the problem is that harvesting that creativity could tire out an artist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, Shakespeare’s words through Prospero is specifically categorized as a soliloquy. This particular literary technique is made famous by Shakespearean plays, like in Hamlet’s â€Å"to be or not to be† soliloquy. A soliloquy is basically done when a character of the play directly addresses the audience. In traditional theater, there is the existence of the â€Å"fourth wall.† The â€Å"fourth wall† is highly technical to discuss but it basically refers to the gap between the actors and the audience. In other terms, the reality in the stage is very far from the reality of real life. Formalistically in plays, a character should never interact with the audience, simply because it ruins the illusion. This may be the very deign of Shakespeare for Prospero’s soliloquy. Shakespeare does not want his work to be a mere illusion, he wanted it to be something real. And according to the text, what could make it real, or Prospero free, is only the applause of the audience. Conclusion Shakespeare’s message is no different with Frost’s. During Prospero’s epilogue, Prospero is simply asking for an applause to set him free â€Å"†¦without applause / my plan to please you has failed† It is similar in both of the works to recognize that there is an audience. Both of them may have simply saying that the readers/audiences are just as important as the piece itself. If it was not for the appreciation of those who enjoy the beauty of words, literature would not exists. References Frost, Robert. â€Å"After Apple-picking†. Retrieved 5 June 2008 Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. Retrieved 5 June 2008 < shakespeare.mit.edu/tempest/full.html>

Geo Assignment

Devin Purcell February 25th 2013 GEO1050 Ryan Gibson Assignment #2: Growing Resource Consumption and Scarcity a) The baseline year of the data used in these models is 1985. b) The period of projection for these models range from 1985 to 2025 a 40 year span. c) The three components of total water demand are: Population growth, Economic Development and Projected changes in water use efficiency. ) DIA/Q refers to the ratio of Domestic, Industrial, and irrigated Agriculture used of water, to the total river discharge (Q), it is presumed to show the total sustainable water supply that is available to local human populations. e) If DIA/Q is less than 0. 1, there is very little water stress. f) If DIA/Q is greater than 0. 4, there is severe water stress. g) SC1 – diverse climate, but specific magnitude and spatial distribution of human population and water removal levels from 1985 SC2 – applied projected water demands for 2025 but used runoff and discharge based on contemporar y climate.SC3 – varied climate and water demand. Assumptions: Impacts of human growth under SC2 and SC3 will therefore generally show population growth and migration as compared to increasing water usage. Effect of SC1 produces little change from 1985. Collective impact of raising water demands for SC2 and SC3 is obvious. h) Smith is most scared by SC3 because it suggests that the weather and climate change in the world, human population growth, or both it will increase low levels of water.Low levels of water are almost guaranteed to become a bigger problem all to affecting a greater area in the globe. a) Smith suggests that the water scarcity levels in Canada are very low since everyone has free access to water. b) Many areas which were named by the boil advisory are in coastal regions and less populated communities as well. It is less effective by the Government to put money into these rural regions rather than larger more urbanized cities, where the water would be tight an d help support more people.The rural areas in cities do not get the same water treatment as urbanized areas and must boil their water c) Newfoundland should be fine with regards to water scarcity due to the fact that everyone in the province and surrounding areas has free access to water. Since, everyone around the province is able to access water almost anywhere freely and hassle free there is a very little chance of our province running low on water and it becoming a major problem throughout the province.

Functional requirement Essay

1. Physician Users Authorized The system will allow authorized login input The system will allow physician order medicine * System will allow physician search for medicine 2. Search The system navigates to correct patient. The system will allow search the medicine in ABC’s order The system will allow verification of doses based on age & weight The system check for allergies & contra-indications The system check medicine in stock The system send over to pharmacy 3. Pharmacist The system alert the pharmacy with medicine order The system will allows approval from Pharmacist for revaluates the order within allergy guideline * The system allows approval from Pharmacist to send order to tech for processing The system allow approval from Pharmacist for correct process Of the tech System send the order to the nurse for administer the drugs. 4. Nurse The system allow nurse to verifies the order The system allow nurse locate patient’s ID The system allow nurse to document the medicine The system allow nurse to add witness if necessary The system allow nurse to document the waste The system allow nurse to document patient’s reaction Nonfunctional Requirement 1. Operational The system should integrate with the pharmacy system The system should work any web browser The system should allow the verification for incorrect doses The system should check incorrect allergy & contra-indications of drugs The system enable for alternative options if medicine is out of stock The system enables the automatically order for medicine out of stock The system should allow disapproval or approval for pharmacist verify incorrect doses and not meet allergy guideline to be send back to physician 2. Performance The system should not exceed 2 seconds The system should be available 24 hours per day, 365 days per year Download speeds will be monitor and kept at an acceptable level. 3. Security Only authorized users are allow to use the system Patients information should be secure Viruses, worms, Trojan horses, etc should protect the system. The system should automatically exit when there is inactivity 4. Cultural and Political Personal information is protected in compliance with HIPPA

World Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Geography - Essay Example It is undeniable that human beings derived numerous benefits from the study of earth’s geography through ages. Jerry and Martin (2000) agreed that geographic knowledge was instrumental or rather paramount during construction of the first world map. This first map commonly referred to as the Babylonian world map dates back to 600BC. According to Talbert and Richard (2009), invention of geography as a definite field of study would later be credited to Pythagoras, renowned for his approved claim that the earth is spherical. Subsequently, Pythagoras claim would open doors to advanced arithmetic perception of the spherical earth. From 2nd Century AD, Roman scholars employed the use of latitudes and longitudes in determining geographical difference in time. Harrison, Massey and Richards (2004) said that by the 10th Century, skilled geographers from the west could calculate with high precision the distance between various points on earth. This was the time when researchers started do cumenting detailed knowledge about the planet’s habitability. Eventually, medieval studies of the earth’s phenomena would soon pave way for western explorer like Christopher Columbus, accredited with discovery of new lands, especially America. In the early 18th Century, geography scholars struggled with the problem of longitudinal relations with time. According to James and Trapasso (2006), conflicts surrounding this problem came to a halt in 1760s when John Harrison used a chronometer and accurately acknowledged the Greenwich meridian as the reference longitude.

Levis Stadium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Levis Stadium - Essay Example The essay "Levis Stadium" talks about the Levis Stadium which serves as among the world’s best outdoor entertainment and sports venue. The Arena is a football stadium in the suburb of San Jose, San Francisco Bay area in Santa Clara, California. It is also a home to San Francisco 49ers. This stadium consists of hundreds of solar panels from three of the solar bridges connecting to the main parking area of the stadium. Therefore, the stadium is unique in the sense that it is a multi-purpose venue with fan experience and having a green technology as the prime priority. Tickets in the stadium sell massively, in the presale ticket requests stage. The monumental sellout of the tickets causes the price of the secondary market to record high, thereby most fans who fail to get tickets at the first sellout, the battle at exorbitant prices set by the brokers. The stadium has made strategic changes to ensure that ticket sell is fair enough to each fan. The current trend that the stadium uses to sell out its tickets is by online means. The online mail order design gives fans an equal opportunity to purchase tickets during sales. Efficiently, the design allows four-ticket limit for each ticket purchaser, as only one request made per person. Hence, the stadium has put a mechanism to combat the elusive ticket scalpers, having the fans as the key priority. Levis Stadium has magnificent and beautiful luxury suites and clubs seating. The stadium features some of the most innovative and world’s most modern facilities.

Americal Labor Issues (as it relates to unionized labor) Essay

Americal Labor Issues (as it relates to unionized labor) - Essay Example It will also emphasize on the fact that this influence is often felt in a radical sense in many working environments. The paper will give the function of unions and how unions are lawfully the employee's only representatives, which represent both union and non-union members. The only method an employee has for manipulating important decisions such as strike votes, contract approval, or strategies of negotiation is to join the union. As a result employees have to join so that they can be represented in the negotiations of union regarding wages and working conditions (Tait 2005). It will portray how for a lot of American employees, union membership may be their only choice as union members have authority over non union members when it comes to working conditions as well as wages. In the analysis section of the paper in order to portray the authority union members have over non union members a few cases, of union's mishandlings of workplace affairs that have hurt non-union workers will be given .

Medieval Islamic Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Medieval Islamic Philosophy - Essay Example that had been transmitted from Greece into these countries. In, 323-43 BC Greek classical philosophies experienced a drastic change. From being a fundamentally Greek product, it developed into an international and eclectic cultural movement in which Greek, Egyptian, Phoenician and other Near Eastern religious and ethical elements came together. This change is best represented by the role Alexandria played as the centre of varied streams of notions making up the new philosophy. At the same time as the Abbasid Caliphate was set up in Baghdad in 750 AD, the centre of learning progressively moved to the Abbasid capital, which became later the heir of Athens and Alexandria as the new cultural city of the medieval world. Nearly two centuries later Cordoba, capital of Muslim Spain, began to contend with Baghdad as the centre of 'ancient learning'. From Cordoba, Greek-Arabic philosophy and science were spread across the Pyrenees to Paris, Bologna and Oxford in the twelfth and the thirteenth centuries. During the time of the Abbasi'd Khalifah (Caliph) Mamun-al-Rashid who had established a Bait-el-Hikmah (House of Wisdom) in Baghdad, the influence of the foreign thought seeped into Islamic culture. Works of Greek philosophy and natural sciences were available in Alexandria, Egypt, and some other Syrian cities. Mamun-al-Rashid employed scholars of all religions, Jewish, Christianity, Islam, etc. for the purpose of translating these works into Arabic. Regardless of the strong hold of Islamic theological doctrine on the minds of the Arabs, skepticism and rational thinking increasingly developed and flourished under the encouragement and protection provided by the Khalifah. The first reception of Greek-Hellenistic philosophy in the Islamic world was mixed. It was rejected in the beginning as being distrustfully foreign or pagan, and was thus scorned by conservative theologians, legal scholars and grammarians as harmful or unessential. By the middle of the eighth century AD the image had changed to some extent, with the appearance of the rationalist theologians of Islam known as the Mu'tazilites, who were utterly inclined by the methods of discussion or dialectic supported by the Muslim philosophers. Of those philosophers, the two exceptional persons of the ninth and tenth centuries were al-Kindi and al-Razi, who welcomed Greek philosophy as a form of freedom from the fetters of doctrine or blind imitation (taqlid). For al-Kindi, the objectives of philosophy are rightly well matched with those of religion, and, for al-Razi, philosophy was the highest expression of man's intellectual goals and the noblest achievement of that noble people, who were incompa rable in their quest for wisdom (hikma). Later scholars used this device with mixed results. For instance, Ibn Rushd stated (11), "Since the religion (Islam) is true and summons to the study which leads to knowledge of the Truth, we the Muslims know definitely that demonstrative study does not lead to (conclusions) conflicting with what Scripture has given us; for truth does not oppose truth but accords with it and bears witness to it." Thus it was a given that the Scripture was perfect and true, every

Discuss the changes to the American presidency during the terms of Essay

Discuss the changes to the American presidency during the terms of Theodore Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson - Essay Example The question is that since the Civil War through the very start of the twentieth century, the US Congress was the ultimate bearer of the seat of power (Miller Center 1). Thus, his expansion of the power was a focal point of his presidency. It was an enormous change in the democratic practice of the United States making the President the main figure fulfilled with the governmental power. Roosevelt is also well-known for his progressivism in dealing with the business and political structures throughout the country. His zeal toward reformation of the US performance in the world arena made him an outspoken peacemaker, as he negotiated on the Russo-Japanese end of war and was awarded with the Nobel Peace Prize respectively (Benson 7). However, another great contribution of Roosevelt is his devotion to the nature. In this respect he was driven by the need to conserve the natural resources as the most precious thing of the human-centered environment admitting the following statement:  "As I have said elsewhere, conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve this problem it will avail little to solve all others† (Cited in Benson 7). ... Being a follower of Roosevelt’s course of reforms, he took the lesson of peaceful manifestation on the part of the US government toward the nation and to the world on the whole. By the way, he initiated the adoption of the Civil-Service Reform which will â€Å"secure a larger wisdom in the adoption of policies† (Taft 131). It was really crucial for giving the nation a â€Å"refreshed† breath of air. Along with the strengthening of the Interstate Commerce Commission, he established Postal Savings Bank System (Taft 131). Thus, he paid more attention to the financial and consumer-related issues throughout the country. Moreover, due to his efforts to somehow relieve the taxation policies in the country, he could improve on the creation of the Sixteenth Amendment which â€Å"authorized the collection of federal income taxes, which could be collected largely from the wealthy† (Armstrong 187). It was a trust-busting progressive hit against the former tariff-cente red income taxes policy. Thus, in his progressive looks at the national economy, Taft was a peculiar follower of Roosevelt regarding the political line of the Republican Party and the improvement of the presidential seat as the most powerful executive body in the country. To say more, in the foreign policy, Taft provided the policy of â€Å"Dollar Diplomacy† increasing the development of underdeveloped countries in Latin America and Asia by favoring â€Å"increased American investment in the world as the major method for increasing American influence and stability abroad† (Armstrong 379). Hence, it made Taft a progressive initiator of the American dominance in the world. Woodrow Wilson Woodrow

A management report on preoperative fasting Essay

A management report on preoperative fasting - Essay Example is why it is essential to consider this process from the different viewpoints, through its limitations and weaknesses on the basis of the clinical practices and state policies. Ethical considerations are to be accounted also. In order to clarify all issues and to define the possible solutions for the existing problems in preoperative fasting, it is necessary to look through the principal notions of the preoperative fasting’ process, the guidelines of the royal college of nursing and other related researches, both supporting and denying the benefits of preoperative fasting. The need in preoperative fasting has become evident with understanding that the risk of pulmonary aspiration during the elective surgery may be significantly decreased or eliminated through the application of the preoperative fasting process. It has become a legal requirement for the clinical practices and medical specialists. On the basis of the official statistics the cases of the pulmonary aspiration are very rare (about 1 in 10,000 patients), while the statistics also shows that the majority of the cases in pulmonary aspiration take place in the emergency situation (traumas, for example) when the gastric emptying is delayed (Scarlett et al, 2002); the same statistics relates to the cases of emergency abdominal surgery, etc. This statistics may become supporting evidence that preoperative fasting is an essential process in making the statistical morbidity in elective surgery minimal. The purpose of the existing fasting guidelines is to minimize the gastric contents before electiv e surgery; however the question here arises: how to avoid the unnecessary thirst and dehydration. This is the principal issue in the present research of preoperative fasting, and this issue needs to be addressed on the state level through the development of the new policies in fasting. being expressed in plain words as ‘nothing by mouth after midnight’. However, the question here is – how it is possible to